scholarly journals Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Salvatore Davino ◽  
Andrea Giovanni Caruso ◽  
Sofia Bertacca ◽  
Stefano Barone ◽  
Stefano Panno
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tomato Seeds ◽  
Seed Disinfection ◽  
Seeds Germination

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a highly infectious virus, that is becoming a threat to tomato production worldwide. In this work we evaluated the localization of ToBRFV particles in tomato seeds, its seed transmission rate and efficacy of disinfection, and the effects of different thermal- and chemical-based treatments on ToBRFV-infected seeds’ germination. Analyses demonstrated that ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo; its transmission from infected seeds to plantlets occurs by micro-lesions during the germination. The ToBRFV seed transmission rate was 2.8% in cotyledons and 1.8% in the third true leaf. Regarding the different disinfection treatments, they returned 100% of germination at 14 days post-treatment (dpt), except for the treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 h, for which no seed germinated after 14 dpt. All treatments have the ability to inactivate ToBRFV, but in six out of seven treatments ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCR. These results raise many questions about the correct way to carry out diagnosis at customs. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the effective localization of ToBRFV particles in seeds.

Localization and mechanical transmission of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato seeds

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidà Mohammed Salem ◽  
Abdullah Sulaiman ◽  
Nezar Samarah ◽  
Massimo Turina ◽  
Marta Vallino
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Tomato Seeds

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, is a highly virulent emerging virus, causing disease outbreaks and significant crop losses worldwide. The growing number of ToBRFV epidemic episodes prompted the investigation of the role of seeds in the dissemination of the virus as an important aspect in the overall disease management. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the localization of ToBRFV within tomato seeds and to evaluate its seed transmission characteristics. Seeds extracted from naturally ToBRFV-infected tomato fruits were tested for the presence of the virus using serological, molecular, and biological assays. Three immunolocalization techniques were used to determine the localization and distribution of ToBRFV within the different tissues and parts of tomato seeds. To evaluate seed transmission of ToBRFV, two grow-out experiments were conducted to assess the rate of both vertical (seeds to progeny seedlings) and possible horizontal transmission (plant to plant) based on serological and molecular assays. Seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits had a 100% contamination rate. The localization of ToBRFV in tomato seeds is only external on the seed coat (testa). Seed transmission rate from seeds to their seedlings was very low (0.08%), while no transmission was recorded from plants to plants in a small-scale greenhouse experimental setup. In conclusion, ToBRFV is a seed-borne virus located externally on tomato seed coat and transmitted mechanically from ToBRFV-contaminated tomato seeds to seedlings which could initiate a disease foci and eventually drive further dissemination and spread of the disease in a new growing area.

scholarly journals An assessment of the transmission rate of Tomato black ring virus through tomato seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Henryk Pospieszny ◽  
Natasza Borodynko-Filas ◽  
Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska ◽  
Bartosz Czerwonka ◽  
Santiago F. Elena
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Black Ring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tomato Black Ring Virus ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Tomato Seeds ◽  
Wide Range

Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) infects a wide range of economically important plants, and is distributed worldwide. TBRV is transmitted by soil-inhabiting nematodes. However, a long-distance dispersion is possible via seeds and pollen. In this study, we provided evidence that virus can be efficiently transmitted through tomato seeds. Three tomato varieties (Beta Lux, Grace and Money Maker) and four genetically diverse TBRV isolates collected originally from different hosts were used in the experiments. The seedlings were grown in an insect-proof glasshouse and the presence of TBRV was verified by immunoassay (ELISA). The seed transmission was significantly dependent on tomato cultivar and virus isolate ranging from 1.69% up to 14.57%. Bioassays using Chenopodium quinoa plants confirmed the presence of infectious virus in the seeds.

scholarly journals Seed Transmission of Pepino mosaic virus and Efficacy of Tomato Seed Disinfection Treatments

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Carmen Córdoba-Sellés ◽  
Ana García-Rández ◽  
Ana Alfaro-Fernández ◽  
Concepción Jordá-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Disinfection

Rates of seed transmission for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) were estimated in seedlings grown from seeds obtained from symptomatic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits of plants naturally infected with the virus. The proportion of seeds infected with PepMV was at least 25% as estimated from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of grouped seeds. The seeds from symptomatic fruits were planted, and seedlings at the cotyledon and transplant stage were assayed for PepMV by ELISA. Three of 168 seedlings grown from infected seeds were PepMV-positive, corresponding to a seed-to-seedling transmission rate of 1.84%. Various tomato seed treatments were evaluated for their ability to prevent seed transmission of PepMV. This virus was largely eradicated by immersing the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate for 3 h. Although heat treatments of 24 h at 80°C and 48 h at 74°C eliminated PepMV in seedlings, these treatments did not eradicate the virus in whole seeds. The three treatments did not adversely affect seed germination. The results suggest that trisodium phosphate can be used to eradicate PepMV in tomato seed without hindering germination.

The Effect of Bleach Liquid and Household Cleaner on Surface Hardness and Roughness of Acrylic Base of Orthodontic Appliances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Noorollahian ◽  
Farinaz Shirban ◽  
Vahid Mojiri
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Liquid Sodium ◽  
P Value ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: The daily use of orthodontic removable plates can interfere with the self-cleansing function of the mouth. Although various techniques have been proposed for cleaning removable orthodontic appliances, there is no consensus on the use of a safe method that preserves the physical properties of the appliance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using hydrochloric acid (10%, for removal of mineral deposits) and sodium hypochlorite (5.25%, to remove organic matter and discolorations) on surface hardness and roughness of self-cure orthodontic acrylic resins. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional laboratory study was conducted in the fall of 2017 at Isfahan University of Medical science and Isfahan University of Technology. In this study two orthodontic acrylic resins (Orthocryl® and Acropars®) were used. Eighty samples (12×10×3 mm) from each one were fabricated and divided into four groups (n = 20). Group 1: 15 minutes immersion in household cleaner liquid (Hydrochloric acid, 10%) followed by15 minutes immersion in household bleach liquid (Sodium Hypochlorite, 5.25%). In group 2, immersions were repeated just like group two times and in group 3, were done three times. Group 4 was as control and had no immersion. The surface hardness and roughness of samples were measured. Data were analyzed with Two Way ANOVA and the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The number of immersion procedures did not significantly affect the surface hardness (p value = 0.958) and surface roughness (p value = 0.657) in the different study groups. There was no significant difference in the surface hardness between the two acrylic resin brands (p value = 0.077); however, Acropars acrylic resin samples exhibited significantly higher surface roughness compared to the Orthocryl acrylic resin samples(p value < 0.001). Conclusion: 15 minutes of immersion in 10% HCl, followed by 15 minutes of immersion in 5.25% NaOCl and repetition of the procedure three times did not significantly affect the surface hardness and roughness of self-cured acrylic resins.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Disinfectants to Prevent Spread of Potyviruses in Greenhouse Tomato Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Wintermantel
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Direct Inoculation

Potyviruses, transmitted by a diverse array of common aphid species, infect a broad range of vegetable crops, and can be problematic in greenhouse tomato production. Once introduced, these viruses are believed to be transmitted plant-to-plant during pruning operations, and can infect large sections of a greenhouse, resulting in significant losses in fruit quality and yield. Several methods are used for virus management in greenhouse production, including rouging of diseased plants and treatment of tools and facilities with virucides to eradicate the virus responsible. To clarify potyvirus transmission efficiency from an infected source during pruning operations, experiments were conducted using direct and serial mechanical inoculation of Potato virus Y (PVY) using a scalpel dipped in a suspension of PVY-infected plant sap. Tests demonstrated that both serial and direct inoculation resulted in significant PVY transmission, but that transmission rates declined after the first few plants in serial transmission. Additional tests evaluated the efficiency of two virucides, a quaternary ammonium solution and sodium hypochlorite, for virus inactivation during pruning operations using a range of concentrations and time points. Results demonstrated that 0.5% sodium hypochlorite treatment for two seconds was sufficient for virus control, and superior to treatment with quaternary ammonium solutions. Accepted for publication 20 December 2010. Published 21 February 2011.

scholarly journals Comparison between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03022
Author(s):  
Meng Fang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Respiratory

COVID-19, which is officially called SARS-CoV-2, is a newly emerging viral respiratory illness leading to a global epidemic, which causes concerns among the global community in November 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is considered as the third global coronavirus epidemic in the past 20 years after SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS in 2012. SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV which was first reported in Guangdong, China in 2002. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share similar and different biological features, clinical manifestations, region distribution, transmission mechanisms, and clinical treatments. In this paper, differences and similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are analyzed to provide valuable information for further research. Through analysis, we found SARS-CoV-2 and SARSCoV share a lot of similarities, but also have differences in clinical manifestations, pathogenicity, transmission rate and treatments.

Seed Borne Late Blight of Potato

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Powelson ◽  
Robin Ludy ◽  
Heather Heather ◽  
Debra A. Inglis ◽  
Babette Gundersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Seed Piece ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Potato Seed ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Healthy Seed

Planting of potato seed pieces infected with Phytophthora infestans can lead to the introduction of late blight within a planting. When infected seed pieces are planted, there are three resulting scenarios: (i) a healthy plant emerges, (ii) no plant emerges because of the rapid decay of the seed piece, or (iii) a symptomatic plant emerges. A major factor favoring stand establishment and seed transmission is the severity of seed piece infection. When infection is severe, stand is compromised and transmission rate is low. When infection is mild, the plant emerges before the seed piece decays and, in some instances, the pathogen makes its way from the seed piece to the plant where a stem lesion is formed. Diseased seed tubers are the principle source of late blight inoculum for infection of healthy seed pieces. Treatment of infected or blighted seed tubers with a seed dressing with activity against P. infestans is not a viable tactic because the products are ineffective against established infections. Conversely, treatment of healthy seed pieces provides a high level of protection against late blight spores that are spread during the seed handling and planting operations. Optimum effectiveness is achieved when products are applied immediately following cutting, as none are effective against established infections. Seed treatment reduces the risk of seed transmission of late blight and enhances stand establishment and plant vigor. This tactic should be an important component of an integrated late blight management program. Accepted for publication 16 January 2002. Published 29 January 2002.

An assessment of the transmission rate of four pospiviroid species through tomato seeds

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Faggioli ◽  
M. Luigi ◽  
V. Sveikauskas ◽  
T. Olivier ◽  
M. Virscek Marn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Tomato Seeds

Factors influencing transmission of alfalfa mosaic virus through seed of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and the genetic control of seed transmission rate

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Pathipanawat ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Rate Condition ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Annual Medics

Factors likely to influence rates of transmission of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) through seed to seedlings of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and genetic control of the magnitude of its seed transmission rate were investigated in plants from 17 early-flowering accessions of M. polymorpha and in progenies of crosses involving M. murex cv. Zodiac × accession 5320 as parents. Plants were graft-inoculated when 6 weeks old to ensure successful and uniform infection. To exclude variation in seed transmission rates due to virus isolate or temperature, only 1 AMV isolate was used and the plants were kept under uniform temperature conditions. In M. polymorpha, significant differences were found between accessions in the levels of AMV transmitted through seed to progeny seedlings, SA 8250 giving the highest mean level of seed transmission (52%) and SA 4188 the lowest (3%). Neither virus concentration nor symptom severity influenced the rates of seed transmission obtained. However, part of the variation in seed transmission rates found in these accessions was related to their flowering times, seed transmission rates increasing as the interval between inoculation and owering increased. In seed samples collected from individual graft-inoculated plants of M. murex from (i) the F2 generation from crosses and reciprocal crosses, and (ii) the backcross progenies, the rates of transmission of AMV through seed to seedlings ranged from 0 to 77% and showed a continuous pattern of variation. Also, there was evidence of transgressive segregation for the low seed transmission rate condition. This indicates that the low seed transmission rate condition for AMV in medics is quantitatively inherited and under polygenic control. In contrast, when the pods from F2 progeny plants from the crosses and reciprocal crosses were examined, the segregation ratios obtained revealed that the smooth pod character from parent accession 5320 was controlled by a single recessive gene, for which the name sp is proposed. The presence in a plant of gene sp, or of its spiny pod-determining allele from the other parent cv. Zodiac, was not correlated with low seed transmission rates of AMV. It is concluded that selection for low rates of seed transmission and a population breeding approach can be used to produce improved M. polymorpha and M. murex cultivars with good resistance to seed-borne AMV

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