scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Soil Water Stress on Densities of Macrophomina phaseolina in Soil and Roots of Two Soybean Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kendig ◽  
J. C. Rupe ◽  
H. D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Water Stress

The effects of irrigation and soil water stress on Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotial (MS) densities in the soil and roots of soybean were studied in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Soybean cvs. Davis and Lloyd received irrigation until flowering (TAR2), after flowering (IAR2), full season (FSI), or not at all (NI). Soil water matric potentials at 15- and 30-cm depths were recorded throughout the growing season and used to schedule irrigation. Soil MS densities were determined at the beginning of each season. Root MS densities were determined periodically throughout the growing season. Microsclerotia were present in the roots of irrigated as well as nonirrigated soybean within 6 weeks after planting. By vegetative growth stage V13, these densities reached relatively stable levels in the NI and FSI treatments (2.23 to 2.35 and 1.35 to 1.63 log [microsclerotia per gram of dry root], respectively) through reproductive growth stage R6. After R6, irrigation was discontinued and root densities of microsclerotia increased in all treatments. Initiation (IAR2) or termination (TAR2) of irrigation at R2 resulted in significant changes in root MS densities, with densities reaching levels intermediate between those of FSI and NI treatments. Year to year differences in root colonization reflected differences in soil moisture due to rainfall. The rate of root colonization in response to soil moisture stress decreased with plant age. Root colonization was significantly greater in Davis than Lloyd at R5 and R8. This was reflected in a trend toward higher soil densities of M. phaseolina at planting in plots planted with Davis than in plots planted with Lloyd. Although no charcoal rot symptoms in the plant were observed in this study, these results indicated that water management can limit, but not prevent, colonization of soybean by M. phaseolina, that cultivars differ in colonization, and that these differences may affect soil densities of the fungus.

Simulating Gross Primary Productivity of vegetation under soil water stress using in-situ and reanalysis soil moisture data inputs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Lam ◽  
Amos P. K. Tai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Gross Primary Productivity ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Soil Moisture Data

<p>This study utilises in-situ and reanalysis soil moisture data inputs from various sources to evaluate the effect of soil water stress on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of different Plant Functional Types (PFTs) using Terrestrial Ecosystem Model in R (TEMIR), which is under development by Tai Group of Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions (Tai et al. in prep.). An empirical soil water stress function with reference to Community Land Model (CLM) Version 4.5 is employed to quantify water stress experienced by vegetation which hinders stomatal conductance and thus carboxylation rate. The model results are compared against observations at FLUXNET sites in semi-arid regions across the globe at daily timescale where in-situ GPP data is available and water stress inhibits plant functions to some extent. By dividing the soil into two layers (topsoil and root zone), GPP simulation improves significantly comparing with using single layer bulk soil (Modified Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient N increases from -0.686 to -0.586). Such upgrade is particularly substantial for vegetation with shallow roots such as grass PFTs. Despite this improvement, the model is characterised by an overall overestimation of GPP when water stress occurs, and inconsistency of accuracy subject to PFTs and degree of water stress experienced. This study informs responses of various PFTs to soil water stress, capacity of TEMIR in simulating the responses, and possible drawbacks of empirical soil water stress functions, and highlights the importance of topsoil moisture data input for vegetation drought monitoring.</p><p>Keywords: Soil water stress, Terrestrial model representation, Photosynthesis, In-situ data, Reanalysis data, FLUXNET</p>

EFFECTS OF MOISTURE STRESS AT EARLY HEADING AND OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THREE SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DUBETZ ◽  
J. B. BOLE
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Four Levels

Three cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown at four levels of N fertilizer in metal lysimeters protected from rain by an automatic rain shelter. A soil water stress of 8 bars was developed in one-half of the lysimeters at the early boot stage. Water stress reduced yield by severely decreasing the number of kernels per spike. Tillering was not affected and kernel weight was increased. Pitic 62 withstood the high stress better than Manitou or Kenhi. N enhanced yield by increasing tillering. Kernel weight was unaffected by N, and the number of kernels per spike was decreased. Pitic, which had a higher number of kernels per spike, outyielded Manitou and Kenhi. The protein content of Manitou was higher than that of the other two cultivars. The cultivars differed in their reaction to soil water stress and N.

Four decades of soil water stress history together with host genotype constrain the response of the wheat microbiome to soil moisture

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Azarbad ◽  
Julien Tremblay ◽  
Charlotte Giard-Laliberté ◽  
Luke D Bainard ◽  
Etienne Yergeau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Stress History ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Soil Water Stress

ABSTRACT There is little understanding about how soil water stress history and host genotype influence the response of wheat-associated microbiome under short-term decreases in soil moisture. To address this, we investigated how plant breeding history (four wheat genotypes; two with recognized drought resistance and two without) and soil water stress history (same wheat field soil from Saskatchewan with contrasting long-term irrigation) independently or interactively influenced the response of the rhizosphere, root and leaf bacterial and fungal microbiota to short-term decreases in soil water content (SWC). We used amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS region for fungi) to characterize the wheat microbiome. Fungal and bacterial communities responses to short-term decreases in SWC were mainly constrained by soil water stress history, with some smaller, but significant influence of plant genotype. One exception was the leaf-associated fungal communities, for which the largest constraint was genotype, resulting in a clear differentiation of the communities based on the genotype's sensitivity to water stress. Our results clearly indicate that soil legacy does not only affect the response to water stress of the microbes inhabiting the soil, but also of the microorganisms more closely associated with the plant tissues, and even of the plant itself.

POTASSIUM STATUS OF IRRIGATED BROWN CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MaCKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Yield Responses

A series of 10 field experiments conducted over a 4-yr period (1973–1976) on three of the most important Brown Chernozemic soils in the irrigated area of southern Alberta gave no significant yield responses to applied K (at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha −1 in 1973 and 0, 127, 254 and 508 kg ha−1 in the other years), using potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the test crop. The experiments included several cultivars, a variety of growing conditions, and diverse cropping histories. In addition, the K concentration of uppermost mature leaf blades obtained at the 10%-bloom stage were only slightly affected by K treatments, except in 1 yr (1975). The increased K uptake in 1975 was related to greater precipitation before irrigation was applied (66, 99 and 94 mm, respectively) during April, May and June in comparison with the long-term average of 32, 54 and 76 mm. The effects of early-season soil moisture stress were partially confirmed in a controlled environment (CE) experiment in which maintenance of soil water potentials between −30 and −20 kPa throughout the season caused greater uptake of added K in comparison with soil moisture stress in the 0–15 cm zone prior to the 10%-bloom stage. Yields of tubers were depressed with the stressed treatment, but there was no yield response to added K. Leaf analyses from the field experiments indicate that the critical K level of 43 g kg−1, which was established earlier for the Russet Burbank cultivar growing on Podzol soils is too high for irrigated Chernozemic soils, and that 30 g kg−1 would be a more valid tentative value. In a second CE experiment, designed to quantify the fate of applied K during intensive cropping, no yield responses to K applications were obtained with alfalfa on a coarse-textured Cavendish sandy loam during a 2-yr period. With no applied K, crop uptake reduced exchangeable K levels throughout the entire profile (66 cm) by about 20%. Thirty percent of the K removed by the crop originated from nonexchangeable soil K. With the highest K rate (450 kg ha−1 applied twice), 50% could be attributed to plant uptake, 15% to increased exchangeable K, and 35% to fixation in the nonexchangeable form. It is concluded that response to applied K on irrigated Brown and Dark Brown Chernozemic soils of southern Alberta is unlikely, even with intensive cropping, for some time in the future. A practical strategy for producers could be to apply moderate rates of K as a conservation measure when economic conditions are favorable and to rely on soil reserves in times of financial pressures. Key words: K-release, K-fixation, leaf analysis, fertilizer K requirements, soil water stress, K deficiency

scholarly journals Plant Hydraulic Transport Controls Transpiration Response to Soil Water Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Sloan ◽  
Sally E. Thompson ◽  
Xue Feng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Correction Function ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Hydraulic Transport ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Demand Variation

Abstract. Plant transpiration downregulation in the presence of soil water stress is a critical mechanism for predicting global water, carbon, and energy cycles. Currently, many terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) represent this mechanism with an empirical correction function (β) of soil moisture – a convenient approach that can produce large prediction uncertainties. To reduce this uncertainty, TBMs have increasingly incorporated physically-based Plant Hydraulic Models (PHMs). However, PHMs introduce additional parameter uncertainty and computational demands. Therefore, understanding why and when PHM and β predictions diverge would usefully inform model selection within TBMs. Here, we use a minimalist PHM to demonstrate that coupling the effects of soil water stress and atmospheric moisture demand leads to a spectrum of transpiration response controlled by soil-plant hydraulic transport (conductance). Within this transport-limitation spectrum, β emerges as an end-member scenario of PHMs with infinite conductance, completely decoupling the effects of soil water stress and atmospheric moisture demand on transpiration. As a result, PHM and β transpiration predictions diverge most when conductance is low (transport-limited), atmospheric moisture demand variation is high, and soil moisture is moderately available to plants. We apply these minimalist model results to land surface modeling of an Ameriflux site. At this transport-limited site, a PHM downregulation scheme outperforms the β scheme due to its sensitivity to variations in atmospheric moisture demand. Based on this observation, we develop a new dynamic β that varies with atmospheric moisture demand – an approach that balances realism with parsimony and overcomes existing biases within β schemes.

scholarly journals Plant hydraulic transport controls transpiration sensitivity to soil water stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 4259-4274
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Sloan ◽  
Sally E. Thompson ◽  
Xue Feng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Correction Function ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Hydraulic Transport ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Soil Water Stress

Abstract. Plant transpiration downregulation in the presence of soil water stress is a critical mechanism for predicting global water, carbon, and energy cycles. Currently, many terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) represent this mechanism with an empirical correction function (β) of soil moisture – a convenient approach that can produce large prediction uncertainties. To reduce this uncertainty, TBMs have increasingly incorporated physically based plant hydraulic models (PHMs). However, PHMs introduce additional parameter uncertainty and computational demands. Therefore, understanding why and when PHM and β predictions diverge would usefully inform model selection within TBMs. Here, we use a minimalist PHM to demonstrate that coupling the effects of soil water stress and atmospheric moisture demand leads to a spectrum of transpiration responses controlled by soil–plant hydraulic transport (conductance). Within this transport-limitation spectrum, β emerges as an end-member scenario of PHMs with infinite conductance, completely decoupling the effects of soil water stress and atmospheric moisture demand on transpiration. As a result, PHM and β transpiration predictions diverge most for soil–plant systems with low hydraulic conductance (transport-limited) that experience high variation in atmospheric moisture demand and have moderate soil moisture supply for plants. We test these minimalist model results by using a land surface model at an AmeriFlux site. At this transport-limited site, a PHM downregulation scheme outperforms the β scheme due to its sensitivity to variations in atmospheric moisture demand. Based on this observation, we develop a new “dynamic β” that varies with atmospheric moisture demand – an approach that overcomes existing biases within β schemes and has potential to simplify existing PHM parameterization and implementation.

scholarly journals On the Treatment of Soil Water Stress in GCM Simulations of Vegetation Physiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Vidale ◽  
G. Egea ◽  
P. C. McGuire ◽  
M. Todt ◽  
W. Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Forest Meteorology ◽  
Weather And Climate

Current land surface schemes in weather and climate models make use of the so-called coupled photosynthesis–stomatal conductance (A–gs) models of plant function to determine the surface fluxes that govern the terrestrial energy, water and carbon budgets. Plant physiology is controlled by many environmental factors, and a number of complex feedbacks are involved, but soil moisture control on root water uptake is primary, particularly in sub-tropical to temperate ecosystems. Land surface models represent plant water stress in different ways, but most implement a water stress factor, β, which ranges linearly (more recently also curvilinearly) between β = 1 for unstressed vegetation and β = 0 at the wilting point, expressed in terms of volumetric water content (θ).  β is most commonly used to either limit A or gs, and hence carbon and water fluxes, and a pertinent research question is whether these treatments are in fact interchangeable. Following Egea et al. (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, 151 (10), 1,370–1,384) and Verhoef et al. (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 191, 22–32), we have implemented new β treatments, reflecting higher levels of biophysical complexity in a state-of-the-art LSM, Joint UK Land Environment Simulator, by allowing root zone soil moisture to limit plant function non-linearly and via individual routes (carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, or mesophyll conductance) as well as any (non-linear) combinations thereof. The treatment of β does matter to the prediction of water and carbon fluxes: this study demonstrates that it represents a key structural uncertainty in contemporary LSMs, in terms of predictions of gross primary productivity, energy fluxes and soil moisture evolution, both in terms of climate means and response to a number of European droughts, including the 2003 heat wave. Treatments allowing ß to act on vegetation fluxes via stomatal and mesophyll routes are able to simulate the spatiotemporal variability in water use efficiency with higher fidelity during the growing season; they also support a broader range of ecosystem responses, e.g., those observed in regions that are radiation limited or water limited. We conclude that current practice in weather and climate modelling is inconsistent, as well as too simplistic, failing to credibly simulate vegetation response to soil water stress across the typical range of variability that is encountered for current European weather and climate conditions, including extremes of land surface temperature and soil moisture drought. A generalized approach performs better in current climate conditions and promises to be, based on responses to recently observed extremes, more trustworthy for predicting the impacts of climate change.

RESPONSE OF FABABEAN YIELD, PROTEIN PRODUCTION, AND WATER USE TO IRRIGATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. KROGMAN ◽  
E. H. HOBBS ◽  
R. C. McKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Response of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation was studied by subjecting the crop to soil moisture stress (withholding irrigation) during the latter parts of the growing season or to levels of soil moisture (varying the frequency of irrigation) throughout the growing season. Increased soil moisture supply under either of these procedures increased yields of seed, straw and crude protein. Evapotranspiration (ET) for the growing season averaged 544 mm, which is 16% greater than that of irrigated cereals. Efficiency of water use (plant product per unit of ET) was about constant over the range of treatments and yields were linearly correlated with ET. Soil moisture must be maintained at least above 50% of the available range to achieve the full yield potential of fababeans. The potential yield of crude protein equals or exceeds that of other irrigated crops in southern Alberta.

scholarly journals DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF MIDSEASON P DEFICIENCY IN IRRIGATED POTATOES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MacKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT ◽  
T. ENTZ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Moisture Management ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Leaf P

Three experiments were performed in an automatic rainshelter and two in the field to determine the role of soil moisture management and phosphorus (P) fertilization in controlling P nutrition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ’Russet Burbank’). The rainshelter experiments indicated that permitting the upper layer (25 cm) of soil to remain dry during the early part of the growing season depressed the total P concentrations in the leaf blades at the 10% bloom stage to well below the sufficiency range of 0.45 – 0.50%, in spite of high P application rates at planting. Relieving stress at 10% bloom and maintaining soil water potential between −60 and −20 kPa until harvest significantly increased P concentrations. Tuber yields were only slightly less than on those soils without water stress throughout the growing period, provided ample P had been applied. By delaying stress relief in the upper soil layer for 3 wk, 6 wk, or until maturity, tuber yields were reduced 28, 47 and 49% respectively. Without P fertilization of this P-deficient soil at planting, leaf-P levels at 10% bloom were very low (0.26%), but application of P at this stage (banded, broadcast, or in solution) increased leaf-P concentrations and yields were similar to treatments receiving P at planting. Trimetaphosphate was particularly effective in increasing P concentrations in the leaves. In the two field experiments, tuber yields were high on all plots and treatment differences were small, even though leaf-P concentrations were relatively low. However, in the highest-yielding treatment (banded at planting) leaf-P levels averaged from 0.40 to 0.49% which is close to that considered as a sufficiency range (0.45 – 0.50), reported previously. From the practical standpoint, leaf analysis at the early bloom stage can be used to detect P deficiency, which may be caused by inadequate P fertilization or early season soil water stress. If soil and fertilizer P are insufficient, immediate application of fertilizer P will correct deficiencies and enhance yields if adequate soil water is also provided. Soil moisture stress from early bloom to near maturity should be avoided with this crop to obtain efficient use of applied P and maximum yields of tubers.Key words: Leaf analysis, P fertilizers, trimetaphosphate, soil water stress, automated rainshelter.

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