scholarly journals Estimating Yield and Economic Loss from Constriction Canker of Peach

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Lalancette ◽  
Dean F. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Total Crop

Constriction cankers, caused by Phomopsis amygdali, girdle and kill fruiting twigs which results in a direct crop loss. To quantitatively determine this loss from 1996 to 1998, the number of fruit lost per infected shoot was estimated as a function of disease incidence in 21 severely infected orchards in New Jersey. For each cultivar in 1997 and 1998, the distribution of fruit sizes at harvest and prices at shipping were used to calculate total crop value for typical expected yields. Economic loss was then calculated from yield loss and crop value estimates. The overall percent yield loss mean across all sites and cultivars, unadjusted for fruit remaining on infected shoots, was 22.2, 30.7, and 23.7% for 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. The frequency of these losses were not normally distributed, and the nonparametric Friedman test indicated that yield loss was significantly different among years. Assuming the remaining fruit on infected shoots were harvested, yield losses for 1997 and 1998 were 28.5 and 21.0%, which translated into average economic losses of $4,009 and 2,803/ha, respectively, for an expected yield level of 14,010 kg/ha. These loss values justify control measures for management of constriction canker in severely infected orchards.

scholarly journals Understanding Yield Loss and Pathogen Biology to Improve Disease Management: Septoria Nodorum Blotch - A Case Study in Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ficke ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Gary Bergstrom ◽  
Guro Brodal
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Host Pathogen

The estimated potential yield losses caused by plant pathogens is up to 16% globally and most research in plant pathology aims to reduce yield loss in our crops directly or indirectly. Yield losses caused by a certain disease depend not only on disease severity, but also on the weather factors, the pathogen’s aggressiveness, and the ability of the crop to compensate for reduced photosynthetic area. The yield loss-disease relationship in a certain host-pathogen system might therefore change from year to year, making predictions for yield loss very difficult at the regional or even at the farmer’s level. However, estimating yield losses is essential to determine disease management thresholds at which acute control measures such as fungicide applications, or strategic measures such as crop rotation or use of resistant cultivars are economically and environmentally sensible. Legislation in many countries enforces implementation of integrated pest management (IPM), based on economic thresholds at which the costs due to a disease justify the costs for its management. Without a better understanding of the relationship between disease epidemiology and yield loss, we remain insufficiently equipped to design adequate IPM strategies that will be widely adapted in agriculture. Crop loss studies are resource demanding and difficult to interpret for one particular disease, as crops are usually not invaded by only one pest or pathogen at a time. Combining our knowledge on disease epidemiology, crop physiology, yield development, damage mechanisms involved, and the effect of management practices can help us to increase our understanding of the disease-crop loss relationship. The main aim of this paper is to review and analyze the literature on a representative host-pathogen relationship in an important staple food crop to identify knowledge gaps and research areas to better assess yield loss and design management strategies based on economic thresholds.

YIELD LOSSES IN WHEAT DUE TO WEED COMMUNITIES DOMINATED BY GREEN FOXTAIL [Setaria viridis (L.) BEAUV.]: A MULTISPECIES APPROACH

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Multispecies Competition

A model was developed to predict wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) loss due to interference by multi-species weed communities dominated by green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], 3–4 wk after seeding. Results indicated that green foxtail-dominated weed communities averaging 427 plants m−2 over 4 yr reduced yield by about 7.8%. When plots were kept free of green foxtail, different species became important components of a second model developed to predict the yield loss. The combined effect of precipitation and growing degree days was an important component of both models. It is postulated that these environmental variables reflected the relative time of emergence of the weeds and the crop. Advantages of models based upon multispecies tests over those determined from one-weed one-crop tests are discussed as they relate to crop loss in multispecies situations.Key words: Setaria viridis, green foxtail, crop loss, multispecies competition, weed communities, modeling

scholarly journals Soybean Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Adam J. Sisson ◽  
Emmanuel Byamukama ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Annual decreases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield caused by diseases were estimated by surveying university-affiliated plant pathologists in 28 soybean-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 through 2014. Estimated yield losses from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Over the duration of this survey, soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) was estimated to have caused more than twice as much yield loss than any other disease. Seedling diseases (caused by various pathogens), charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid), and sudden death syndrome (SDS) (caused by Fusarium virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki) caused the next greatest estimated yield losses, in descending order. The estimated mean economic loss due to all soybean diseases, averaged across U.S. states and Ontario from 2010 to 2014, was $60.66 USD per acre. Results from this survey will provide scientists, breeders, governments, and educators with soybean yield-loss estimates to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in soybean pathology and disease management.

scholarly journals Status of Rice Brown Spot (Helminthosporium oryza) Management in India: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Surendhar ◽  
Y. Anbuselvam ◽  
J. Johnny Subakar Ivin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Helminthosporium Oryzae ◽  
Historic Significance

Rice is one of the most widely consumed staple food for more than half of the population in the world. Brown spot caused by Helminthosporium oryzae accounts for 5% yield loss worldwide annually. Adversely affected fields show yield loss as high as 45%. The present study focuses on the several management aspects that are currently used to curb out the disease incidence and measures to be taken in near future for designing effective disease management protocol. The disease is of historic significance and a devasting outbroke in the Bengal Province during 1943 ended as the Great Bengal Famine resulting in starvation and an estimated demise of 2.1 to 3 million people. Brown spot is still devastating on looking the present scenario of damage to rice. Different approaches have been adopted ranging from the use of brown spot resistant rice cultivars, chemical ameliorations and biological control measures for the management of the disease. But, still the disease seems to be chronic and adverse in the current scenario. In this review, we have highlighted epidemiology, control measures practiced and several quantitative and qualitative gaps with respect to disease management, which if rectified, would lead to a strong impact on crop disease control and the sustainable Rice production that are pertinent to the present situation of farmers.

Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melaku Wale
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Sooty Moulds ◽  
Economic Pest

Abstract A. pisum is a major pest of pea, lucerne and clover. Severe damage can occur to peas due to direct feeding and virus spread. Direct feeding on pea results in sap being removed from terminal leaves and the stem. Heavy infestations on pea can cause stunting, deformation, wilting and even death. Plants smaller than 15 cm can easily be killed by aphid infestations, although plants bigger than 15 cm usually suffer only relatively minor damage due to direct feeding. Aphids can also feed on pods, causing them to curl, shrink and only partially fill. Direct feeding therefore leads to yield loss and reductions in crop quality. Bommarco (1991) calculated economic losses in pea through a number of seasons due to A. pisum; with observed yield losses of up to 230 kg/ha. Although direct feeding damage is significant, this aphid is primarily an economic pest on pea due to its ability to transmit viruses. Broad beans and a range of other bean crops can also suffer yield losses, through similar direct feeding impacts, from heavy infestations of A. pisum. On peas and beans, A. pisum secretes honeydew from its siphunculi, which can coat plants, reducing photosynthetic efficiency and resulting in the growth of unsightly sooty moulds.

scholarly journals Regional Development of Orchardgrass Choke and Estimation of Seed Yield Loss

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender ◽  
S. C. Alderman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
First Year ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Simple Estimation ◽  
Prevalence Proportion ◽  
Average Yearly Increase

A survey for choke, caused by Epichloë typhina, in orchardgrass seed-production fields in Oregon was conducted annually from 1998 to 2003. In all, 99 fields were inspected, 57 in more than 1 year, to produce a set of 217 observations on disease incidence. There was a significant increase in disease incidence in 38% of the revisited fields, and a significant reduction of incidence in 3%. Yearly increases in disease incidence were as high as 29% in individual fields, but the average yearly increase from 1999 to 2003 was 5 to 8%. In 1998, 60% of all surveyed fields were infested with choke and, by 2003, 90% were infested. Average disease incidence in fields in their first year of production was <2%, and average disease incidence in older fields was approximately 10%, in 2003. Seed yield loss was equal to disease incidence (percentage of tillers diseased), and we found no significant yield compensation in diseased stands. An observed correlation of disease incidence with disease prevalence (proportion of sampled sites infested w ithin a field) may permit simple estimation of incidence and, thus, of potential economic loss in an affected field. We estimate regional loss to the 2004 orchardgrass seed crop due to choke o be approximately $0.8 million.

Volunteer Potato Density Influences Critical Time of Weed Removal in Bulb Onion

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
Corey V. Ransom ◽  
W. Mack Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Volunteer Potato ◽  
Weed Removal

Volunteer potato is highly competitive with onion and few control tactics are effective for removing this weed from an onion crop. Both volunteer potato density and duration of interference reduce onion yield, but the interaction of these factors is unknown. Field trials were conducted in 2003 in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to determine the influence of volunteer potato density on the critical time of weed removal (CTWR) in onion. Yield losses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10% were estimated to occur at 534, 654, and 830 growing degree days (GDD) after onion emergence, respectively, with a volunteer potato density of 0.5 plants/m2. At 2.0 volunteer potato plants/m2, yield losses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10% were estimated to occur at 388, 481, and 598 GDD after onion emergence, respectively. Volunteer potato at 2.0 plants/m2had to be removed at least one onion leaf stage sooner, compared to a weed density of 0.5 plants/m2, to avoid yield loss. Yield loss due to volunteer potato density or duration of interference was greatest among jumbo, colossal, and supercolossal market grades (P ≤ 0.1). Lowering potato tuber density in crops preceding onion will extend the critical time for weed removal and reduce the risk of crop loss.

scholarly journals Rice Blast Disease (Magnaporthe oryzae): A Menace to Rice Production and Humanity

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
G. O. Agbowuro ◽  
M. S. Afolabi ◽  
E. F. Olamiriki ◽  
S. O. Awoyemi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rice Grain

Rice blast disease is one of the major constraints to rice production, threatening food security globally. Rice grain production losses due to the disease leads economic losses to the farmers, and to an increase in global rice price as a result of the supply that is far below the consumer demand. The losses from the disease annually was estimated to feed over 60 million individual. The disease has been studied comprehensively by researchers due to the importance attached to rice and its vast spread and destructiveness across the globe. A good understanding of the pathogen causing the disease, its life cycle and development, epidemiology, symptoms, management strategy will offer a good insight into the disease incidence and give an appropriate and effective decision-making in its management. Different control measures have been adopted managing the disease, including the use of resistant varieties. Integrated disease management strategies coupled with good agronomy practices are required for successful control of rice blast for food security. This review, therefore, examined the fundamentals of rice blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) and offered strategies to minimize the disease activities to ensure proper production and increase the supply of rice grains.

scholarly journals Semina: Ciências Agrárias USER You are logged in as... seminagra My Journals My Profile Log Out LANGUAGE Select Language English JOURNAL CONTENT Search Search Scope All Browse By Issue By Author By Title Other Journals FONT SIZE INFORMATION For Readers For Authors For Librarians Journal Help OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEMS HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES AUTHOR GUIDELINE REGISTER INDEXERS JOURNALS PORTAL UEL Home > Vol 41, No 6 (2020) > Barnabé Assessment of caseous lymphadenitis in goats in a slaughterhouse in the Brazilian semi-arid region and estimates of economic losses due to carcass condemnation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2655-2668
Author(s):  
Nathanael Natércio da Costa Barnabé ◽  
◽  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Areano Ethério Moreira de Farias ◽  
Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Goat Farming

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, results in economic loss in goat farming. Its prevalence in Brazilian herds varies from 5 to 50%, generating expenses with treatment, loss in production, carcass and organ condemnation, and reduced price of the hide. This study aimed to describe the distribution of lesions and quantify the loss associated with CLA in goat breeding due to condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in a semiarid region. The study was conducted at the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Patos, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, where goats from this intermediate geographical region are slaughtered. In 2017, 3,662 animals were slaughtered, an average of 305 per month. During the study period, from March to August 2017, 304 goats of both sexes and different ages of undefined breed were assessed. In the ante-mortem examination, inspection and palpation of the superficial lymph nodes was done; in the post-mortem examination, organ and viscera were assessed. The caseous material collected was sent for microbiological analysis. Of the 304 individuals, 227 [74.67% (95% CI: 69.50-79.23)] did not have any lesions, while 77 [25.33% (95% CI: 20.77-30.50)] showed abscesses suggestive of CLA, which was confirmed in 65 goats [84.41% (95% CI: 76.30-92.50)]. Sex (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.002) were associated with infection. While the sex of the animals affected carcass and viscera weights and carcass yield, their age affected live weight, carcass, organ, and viscera weights; conversely, the incidence of CLA did not affect these variables. The average price in Real (R$) of a kilogram (kg) of goat meat cuts and "offal" was used to calculate the economic loss. Considering the average carcass weight (11,485 kg), organ weight (1,085 kg), and viscera weight (2,013 kg), 4,433.232 kg of meat was produced, resulting in R$ 72,945.43. The condemnations resulted in the loss of 269.894 kg, which is equivalent to R$ 4,540.33. CLA is responsible for a negative impact of 6.09% on production. Implementing control measures for this disease is important to increase the financial return in goat farming.

MEASURING THE COST-BENEFIT OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN RAPESEED

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Bracken ◽  
G. E. Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
A Value ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

AbstractYield saved by insecticidal applications against the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in commercial fields was measured by comparing yield in protected (unsprayed) plots of 74.4 m2 and in adjacent sprayed areas. Coefficients of variation of yield from sample units 2, 1, and 0.5 m2 ranged from 0.12 to 0.51; statistical precision was increased by taking twenty-five 0.5 m2 sample units per plot. Analysis of pod damage from selected plants predicted percentage yield loss equal to that determined by area sampling.The results showed that yield saved by control in commercial situations did not exceed 0.325 g/larva, a value that was determined in previous work by field cage trials. Using 1981 costs for spraying and rapeseed prices and a yield loss of 0.325 g/larva, the break-even point for cost-benefit occurs when larval density is 23/m2, a value double the currently recommended density of 10 to 12/m2. Many rapeseed growers therefore are controlling the bertha armyworm at net economic loss, a situation verified by an analysis of 42 separate control decisions made by growers in 1981.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document