scholarly journals Seed Transmission of Cylindrocladium parasiticum in Peanut

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Randall-Schadel ◽  
J. E. Bailey ◽  
M. K. Beute
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Commercial Seed ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Peanut Production

Seedborne Cylindrocladium parasiticum has been reported in peanuts and the possibility of seed transmission postulated; however, seed transmission has not been documented. Cinnamon brown speckles on peanut testae were correlated with isolation of C. parasiticum. Microscopy indicated that seed were colonized by cinnamon brown colored hyphae and microsclerotia interspersed in and on lightened areas of testa. Speckled seed from commercial seed lots (cultivars NC 7, NC 10C) were planted, with or without a chemical seed treatment (1992, captan + carboxin + dicloran [45:18:15% of product]; 1993 to 1995, captan + PCNB + carboxin [45:15:10% of product]), in fumigated fields with no history of peanut production. Asymptomatic seed from noninfested seed lots (cultivar NC-V 11 or NC 7) were checks for soilborne inoculum. C. parasiticum was isolated from all symptomatic seed lots prior to planting (percentage ranged from 4 to 45%) but was not isolated from asymptomatic seed. Seed transmission occurred from seed both with chemical seed treatment (0.25 to 2.75%) and without seed treatment (0.25 to 6.0%), but not in all years. Asymptomatic seed planted 2.5 cm from speckled seed increased the number of plants with Cylindrocladium black rot from two- to sixfold, illustrating the ability of disease to spread from colonized seed to uninfected plants. It was concluded that seed transmission of C. parasiticum is an important means by which this disease is spread within the seed industry.

scholarly journals Control of Seed Transmission of Cylindrocladium parasiticum in Peanut with Seed Treatment Fungicides

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
D. L. Glenn ◽  
P. M. Phipps ◽  
R. J. Stipes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Significant Suppression ◽  
Greenhouse Trial ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Seeds of peanut cultivars VA 98R and NC-V11 with speckled testae were treated with fungicide and assayed on a selective medium to determine the viability of Cylindrocladium parasiticum. The fungus was isolated from 78 and 90% of the untreated speckled seed of the respective cultivars. Seed treatment with captan + pcnb + carboxin, fludioxonil, captan, and thiophanate methyl significantly reduced recovery of the pathogen in both cultivars. Speckled seed of VA 98R and NC-V11 were treated with fungicides and planted in greenhouse and/or field trials in Suffolk, VA. Plants became infected with C. parasiticum after treated and untreated speckled seed were planted in steam-treated soil in the greenhouse. In one trial, seed treatment with fludioxonil, tebuconazole, and LS 176 significantly reduced taproot colonization by C. parasiticum compared to the untreated check. In a second greenhouse trial, only fludioxonil provided significant suppression of disease. In the field, treatment with fludioxonil, thiram, and tebuconazole significantly lowered Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) incidence compared to the untreated check. Thiram significantly reduced taproot colonization compared to all treatments except fludioxonil. Based on the present study, the addition of thiram and/or fludioxonil to the standard treatment of captan + pcnb + carboxin may offer the best protection against seed transmission of C. parasiticum.

New Sources of Cylindrocladium Black Rot Resistance among Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Branch ◽  
T. B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
Test Site ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Combined Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield, & Alfenas syn. C. crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers is a major disease problem in southeast U.S. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Field trials were conducted for two-years (2008-09) at a test site (Gibbs Farm) that has a long history of continuous peanut production near the Univ. of Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt. Station, Tifton, GA to evaluate for CBR resistance among new runner-type peanut cultivars. All plots were artificially inoculated with microsclerotia of C. parasiticum after planting each year. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were found among the cultivars and advanced breeding lines for both CBR resistance and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance which was also present each year, but the predominant disease was CBR. Georgia Greener, Georgia-06G, Georgia-07W, Georgia-02C, and Carver were consistently found to be the most CBR resistant; whereas, C-99R and Tifguard were the most susceptible each year. In separate CBR tests conducted in 2009 and 2010 at a different location (Blackshank Farm), Georgia Greener also had the least difference, and Tifguard had the greatest difference, between C. parasiticum inoculated versus non-inoculated plots for pod yield. These combined test results demonstrate that useful levels of CBR resistance are currently available in promising new runner-type peanut cultivars.

Importance of Seed Transmission in The Spread of Cylindrocladium Crotalariae1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Morris Porter ◽  
R. Walton Mozingo
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Whole Seed

Abstract Cylindrocladium crotalariae, which causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), can be isolated at a low frequency from nondamaged peanut seed (seed size ≥6.4 × 25.4 mm slotted screen) not treated with a seed protectant fungicide. Peanut seed obtained from peanut fields in Suffolk, VA, and Martin County, NC, where CBR was severe in 1985 were infected at a frequency of 1.5% and 1.4%, respectively. Cylindrocladium crotalariae was isolated at twice the frequency from pieces of seed than from whole seed. However, C. crotalariae was not isolated from seed treated for 2 weeks with a seed protectant (DCNA + captan). The fungus was not isolated from seed devoid of testae or seed embryos, but was isolated from seed testae at a frequency of 0.4%. Discolored seed (≥6.4 × 25.4 mm) were infected at a frequency of 7.9%, but following seed treatment, the isolation frequency dropped to zero. Discolored seed measuring < 6.4 × 25.4 mm were infected with C. crotalariae at a frequency often exceeding 10%.

Writing and Ritual in Deuteronomy 28

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Quick
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Ritual Process ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Ritual Context

This chapter argue that ritual behaviours might be just as good a source as literary texts for the diffusion of traditional cursing and treaty material across different cultures in the ancient Near East. In particular, the role of ad hoc oral Targum in the ritual process could have been an important means by which traditions were shared between different language communities. Recognition of the ritual context of this material also provides insights for the comparative method, the dating and authorship of Deuteronomy 28, and the subversive impetus thought to have stood behind its composition. Ultimately, the function of the written word in a largely oral world is shown to be fundamental to understanding the composition, function and the early history of the curses in the book of Deuteronomy.

Comparison of North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida Isolates of Cylindrocladium parasiticum

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
B. B. Shew ◽  
M. K. Beute
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Gradient Plate ◽  
Temperature Optima

Abstract Thirteen isolates of Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas from North Carolina and 11 from Georgia were grown on plates of PDA at 20,25, and 30 C on a temperature-gradient plate. Culture diameters were measured daily for 6 d. Significant differences were not observed among isolates grown at 20 C and cultures was smaller as compared with those grown at 25 and 30 C. At 25 and 30 C, isolates varied consistently in growth. On average, Georgia isolates grew slightly less than North Carolina isolates, and all isolates grew better at the warmer temperature. Growth of three North Carolina isolates was compared to four Florida isolates in a second experiment. Florida isolates grew significantly faster than North Carolina isolates at all temperatures. Isolates from the three states were compared for their ability to cause root rotting on peanut at 25 and 30 C. Plants were grown in soil infested at a standardized inoculum density in temperature-controlled water bath tanks for 7 wk at which time roots were rated for Cylindrocladium black rot development. Georgia isolates caused more root rot than either North Carolina or Florida isolates at both temperatures and also caused more seedling disease. State effects were significant; Florida isolates caused less root rot than Georgia isolates. Temperature by state interactions were not significant which means that high temperature-tolerant isolates of C. parasiticum have not evolved from regional differences in soil temperature. Further, North Carolina field isolates do not appear to have changed in temperature optima since the 1970s.

Historians, Historical Analysis, and International Water Politics

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Water History ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
International Water ◽  
Sound Policy ◽  
Water Issues

The resolution of international water disputes demands historical analysis. Too often, this analysis is not supplied by professional historians but by policymakers, engineers, and others who may lack the required knowledge and skills. The result inhibits rather than advances sound policy. Fortunately, historians are obtaining increased appreciation for what they bring to the conference table. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which the United States recently rejoined, is attempting to further sound historical study; and the recently formed International Water History Association (IWHA) provides a forum to focus on the history of global water issues. These developments afford historians new and important means to make a difference in resolving some of the most pressing international resource issues.

‘Loaded’: indie guitar rock, canonism, white masculinities

Popular Music ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW BANNISTER
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Alternative Rock ◽  
Symbolic Identification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
White Masculinities

Indie alternative rock in the 1980s is often presented as authentically autonomous, produced in local scenes, uncaptured by ideology, free of commercial pressures, but also of high culture elitism. In claiming that the music is avant-garde, postmodern and subversive, such accounts simplify indie's historical, social and cultural context. Indie did not simply arise organically out of developing postpunk music networks, but was shaped by media, and was not just collective, but also stratified, hierarchical and traditional. Canon (articulated through practices of archivalism and connoisseurship) is a key means of stratification within indie scenes, produced by and serving particular social and cultural needs for dominant social groups (journalists, scenemakers, tastemakers, etc.). These groups and individuals were mainly masculine, and thus gender in indie scenes is an important means for deconstructing the discourse of indie independence. I suggest re-envisioning indie as a history of record collectors, emphasising the importance of rock ‘tradition’, of male rock ‘intellectuals’, second-hand record shops, and of an alternative canon as a form of pedagogy. I also consider such activities as models of rational organisation and points of symbolic identification.

scholarly journals Incidence and Survival of Cylindrocladium parasiticum in Peanut Seed

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 867-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Glenn ◽  
P. M. Phipps ◽  
R. J. Stipes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Storage ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Commercial Seed ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Normal Seed ◽  
Pathogen Recovery ◽  
Field Plots

Sixty-three commercial seed lots of peanut produced in Virginia were examined for the presence of seed with speckled testae. Speckled seed were present in seed lots from the 1998, 1999, and 2000 growing seasons at average rates of 3, 1.2, and 0.6%, respectively. Speckled and normal seed from 19 seed lots were assayed on a medium selective for C. parasiticum. The fungus was isolated from speckled seed at rates ranging from 40 to 96%. C. parasiticum was isolated only from a single normal seed from one seed lot. The pathogen was recovered at high rates from speckled seed immediately after pods had been dried in commercial drying trailers at temperatures up to 35°C. Ambient temperatures during winter seed storage that fluctuated from -10 to 28°C in 1999 and -8 to 33°C in 2000 greatly reduced pathogen recovery in speckled seed stored for 16 or 24 weeks. In field plots with naturally infested soil, the number of speckled seed harvested was directly correlated to the number of symptomatic plants in plots on 29 September. Based on this finding, the harvest of seed peanuts in areas of a field with high incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) should be avoided. Adoption of this policy is expected to lower the number of speckled seed entering commercial seed lots and reduce the risk for spread of CBR.

scholarly journals Personal networking function of the Internet

Sociologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalibor Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
The Internet ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
New Form ◽  
Networked Individualism

The aim of the paper is to understand the role of Internet in creating new forms of sociability in the modern society. In the first part the history of social studies of Internet is reviewed, and the conclusion put forward that the anti-social role of the Internet cannot be proved. In the theoretical part of the paper the author presents his idea of two basic roles of Internet as interpersonal interaction tool: transmissional and procreative. These two Internet functions are very important means for reproducing a new form of sociability known as networked individualism.

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution Perspectives on Intraspecific Lateral DNA Transfer of Topoisomerase and Gyrase Loci in Streptococcus pneumoniae, with Implications for Fluoroquinolone Resistance Development and Spread

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 4315-4326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Stanhope ◽  
Stacey L. Walsh ◽  
Julie A. Becker ◽  
Michael J. Italia ◽  
Karen A. Ingraham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Dna Transfer ◽  
Lateral Transfer ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones are an important class of antibiotics for the treatment of infections arising from the gram-positive respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although there is evidence supporting interspecific lateral DNA transfer of fluoroquinolone target loci, no studies have specifically been designed to assess the role of intraspecific lateral transfer of these genes in the spread of fluoroquinolone resistance. This study involves a comparative evolutionary perspective, in which the evolutionary history of a diverse set of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates is reconstructed from an expanded multilocus sequence typing data set, with putative recombinants excluded. This control history is then assessed against networks of each of the four fluoroquinolone target loci from the same isolates. The results indicate that although the majority of fluoroquinolone target loci from this set of 60 isolates are consistent with a clonal dissemination hypothesis, 3 to 10% of the sequences are consistent with an intraspecific lateral transfer hypothesis. Also evident were examples of interspecific transfer, with two isolates possessing a parE-parC gene region arising from viridans group streptococci. The Spain 23F-1 clone is the most dominant fluoroquinolone-nonsusceptible clone in this set of isolates, and the analysis suggests that its members act as frequent donors of fluoroquinolone-nonsusceptible loci. Although the majority of fluoroquinolone target gene sequences in this set of isolates can be explained on the basis of clonal dissemination, a significant number are more parsimoniously explained by intraspecific lateral DNA transfer, and in situations of high S. pneumoniae population density, such events could be an important means of resistance spread.

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