scholarly journals Pseudomonas corrugata Causing Pith Necrosis on Tomato Plants in Baja California Sur, México

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-563
Author(s):  
G. Rodríguez-Alvarado ◽  
J. Holguín-Peña ◽  
N. Ochoa-Álvarez ◽  
S. P. Fernández-Pavía ◽  
J. A. Geraldo-Verdugo
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Petroleum Jelly ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Pseudomonas Corrugata ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pith Necrosis

Fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars are grown in field and greenhouse areas in Baja California Sur from October to June for international markets. During March and April 2001, field-grown tomato plants showing external necrotic stem lesions and hollowed necrotic pith were observed in a 50-ha field 30 km south of La Paz. The average disease incidence in the field was 3%. Most infected plants presented necrotic lesions in the main stem 20 to 30 cm above the soil line. A few plants also presented necrotic lesions in lateral branches. Transversally cut sections in the necrotic stem area showed rotting of the vascular system with hollow cavities, typical symptom of pith necrosis. To isolate the pathogen, 5-cm-long transverse portions of diseased stems were excised, washed with soap and brushed, and rinsed with tap water. The stem portions were soaked in 10% bleach for 2 min, blotted dry on sterile paper, and 1-cm2 sections were cut to include the margins of the necrotic pith. These sections were plated on nutrient agar and incubated at 28 to 30°C. Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria were consistently isolated from stems with pith necrosis. They were identified as Pseudomonas corrugata using Biolog analysis (carbon source utilization at 37°C), with a similarity index of 1.0. To confirm pathogenicity, experiments were conducted twice in a screenhouse on a total of 24 2-month-old tomato cv. Rutgers plants (50 to 60 cm tall). Bacteria were injected with a syringe into the stems above the point of lateral branching at two different sites, using 0.25 to 0.5 ml of a bacterial suspension (105 CFU/ml). Injection points were sealed after inoculation with a small amount of petroleum jelly. Necrotic lesions surrounding the point of injection were observed 10 days after inoculation. Four weeks after inoculation, plants showed necrotic pith symptoms similar to those observed on field-grown plants, and P. corrugata was recovered from the margins of areas with necrotic pith. Control plants, which were injected with water, remained healthy throughout the experiments. P. corrugata has been reported to cause pith necrosis in tomato plants in California (3), Florida (2), and the northern part of the Baja California peninsula (1). This report confirms the presence of P. corrugata in the Baja California peninsula, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. corrugata causing pith necrosis in tomato plants in the southern state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. References: (1) N. B. Carroll et al. N.C. Agric. Res. Serv. Tech. Bull. No. 300, 1992. (2) J. B. Jones et al. Plant Dis. 67:425, 1983. (3) M. Lai et al. Plant Dis. 67:110, 1983.

scholarly journals First Record of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Causing Canker of Tomato Plants in Syria

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ftayeh ◽  
A. von Tiedemann ◽  
B. Koopmann ◽  
K. Rudolph ◽  
M. Abu-Ghorrah
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Between March and mid April of 2007, several extensive surveys for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis were carried out among greenhouses in the coastal strip provinces of the Mediterranean Sea in north-west Syria (Latakia and Tartous), where a large proportion of Syrian fresh-market tomatoes are produced. This bacterium causes bacterial canker of tomato and is considered an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). It is currently present in all major tomato-production areas in the EPPO region (4), but has not been previously reported in Syria. The survey revealed typical canker symptoms in 7% of 150 inspected greenhouses that contained cvs. Dima, Huda, and Astona. These symptoms included stunting, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins, wilting and defoliation of whole plants, and vascular discoloration. The disease incidence in such greenhouses was estimated at 15% at the time of the survey. Diseased plants were surface sterilized and homogenized in sterile water. Serial dilutions were plated on nutrient glucose agar. Suspected colonies were further purified by repeated restreaking on new agar plates. All 10 of the suspected strains obtained from different locations were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on the basis of the following observations: bacterial cells of all strains had a coryneform shape, were nonmotile, gram positive according to Gram's reaction test with 3% KOH (2), oxidase-negative, and caused hypersensitive reactions on leaves of Mirabilis jalaba (1) within 24 h. PCR assays were conducted with the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-specific primer set PSA-4/R (3) and template DNA prepared from in-vitro-grown bacteria with the MasterPure Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI). The expected 270-bp amplicon was observed for both reference strains as well as the Syrian strains. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by artificial inoculation of 6-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Lyconorma). Inoculation was performed by stabbing the stem with a sterile needle through a drop (~35 μl) of bacterial suspension (~108 CFU/ml in 0.01 M MgSO4) placed in the axil of the second or third true leaf. Three tomato seedlings were inoculated with each strain. Control plants were inoculated with sterile 0.01 M MgSO4. Symptoms including lateral wilt of leaflets, stem lesions, and wilting of whole plants were observed within 10 to 15 days after inoculation, except for the negative control. To fulfill Koch's postulates, reisolation and reidentification of the pathogen was conducted as previously described. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of bacterial canker of tomato in Syria. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis. Plant Dis. 74:58, 1990. (2) T. J. Gregersen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:123, 1978. (3) K. H. Pastrik and F. A. Rainey. J. Phytopathol. 147:687, 1999. (4) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. Map 253 in: Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO/CABI, 1998.

scholarly journals LOS MAMÍFEROS DEL ESTADO DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Mayra de la Paz Cuevas ◽  
Evelyn Patricia Rios Mendoza ◽  
Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Baja California ◽  
The State ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Mexican State

ResumenBaja California Sur es el estado mexicano de mayor extensión costera; conforma un área de gran diversidad y endemismos de especies y subespecies de mamíferos terrestres y marinos, cuenta con 30 familias, 69 géneros y 104 especies, de las cuales 11 son endémicas. Se presenta la lista actualizada de la mastofauna para el estado de acuerdo a los más recientes estudios taxonómicos, de sistemática y conservación. Baja California Sur es considerado como una de las regiones prioritarias para la conservación a nivel internacional, atrayendo constantemente la atención de organizaciones e instituciones dedicadas a la protección del ambiente. Palabras clave: endemismo, mastofauna, península de Baja California, subespecies. AbstractBaja California Sur is the Mexican state with the largest coastal extent; forms an area of great diversity and endemism of species and subspecies of terrestrial and marine mammals, has 30 families, 69 genera and 104 species, of which 11 are endemic. We give an updated mammal checklist for the state according to the latest taxonomic, systematic and conservation studies. Baja California Sur is considered as one of the priority regions for conservation internationally, constantly drawing the attention of organizations and institutions involved in environmental protection.Key words: Baja California, peninsula, endemism, mammals, subspecies.

Early Holocene Juniper Woodland and Chaparral Taxa in the Central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rhode
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Relict Populations ◽  
Juniper Woodland ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Fossil Records

AbstractA packrat midden located in the Sierra San Francisco, Baja California Sur, Mexico, dating to ca. 10,200 14C yr B.P., contains remains of California juniper (Juniperus californica) and other taxa now associated with southern California chaparral. California juniper does not occur in the Sierra San Francisco today, although “relict” populations of a few chaparral taxa still occur at higher elevations. This midden record documents the early Holocene occurrence of Baja California coniferous woodland and chaparral vegetation far south of its present distribution or its previously known extent from other fossil records. Based on modern climatic tolerances of California juniper and other taxa, central Baja California experienced a mild Mediterranean-type climate at least 5°–6°C cooler than the climate of today, with at least twice the winter precipitation the region now receives.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Pith Necrosis Caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. corrugata in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Molan ◽  
Y. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Biolog Analysis ◽  
Pith Necrosis

From 2002 to 2004, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with external stem lesions, adventitious roots, and necrotic pith that was hollowed or chambered were received by the Clinical Lab of the Plant Protection Department from eight greenhouses in the Riyadh, Abha, and El-Kharj regions of Saudi Arabia. Bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar or King's medium B (KMB) from the stems of tomato plants cv. Red Gold, the cultivar most commonly grown in greenhouses. Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria were consistently isolated from stems with symptoms of pith necrosis. They were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens (biotype I) and P. corrugata on the basis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests (2). Isolates of P. fluorescens isolated from Abha and El-Kharj were fluorescent on KMB, aerobic, and positive for oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, and gelatin liquefaction. Furthermore, all isolates produced levan-type colonies on sucrose nutrient agar and utilized glucose, 2-ketogluconate, sucrose, and sorbitol. They were negative for tobacco hypersensitivity and nitrate reduction. The strains of P. corrugata isolated from Riyadh were nonfluorescent, aerobic, and positive for oxidase, nitrate reductase, arginine dihydrolase, and utilization of malonate, alanine, trehalose, arginine, mannitol, and m-inositol. They were negative for levan, pectinase, tobacco hypersensitivity, and utilization of cellobiose and sorbitol. The identity of bacterial species was confirmed by Biolog analysis (carbon source utilization at 37°C), with a similarity index of 0.75 for P. corrugata and 0.71 for P. fluorescens. Four-week-old tomato plants (cv. Red Gold) were inoculated by injecting 50 μl of a bacterial suspension into the axils of the first true leaves. The bacterial suspension was prepared from 24-h-old cultures with sterile distilled water. Sterile distilled water was used as the negative control. After inoculation, plants were covered with polyethylene bags for 24 h to maintain high humidity at 25°C (1). Necrotic lesions surrounding injection points were observed 14 days after inoculation. At 4 weeks after inoculation, all inoculated plants showed symptoms of necrotic pith similar to those observed on the samples received. Control plants injected with water remained healthy throughout the experiments. Isolates of P. fluorescens (biotype I) and P. corrugata were reisolated from inoculated plants and were identical to the original strains on the basis of Biolog analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tomato pith necrosis in Saudi Arabia. References: (1) G. Demir. J. Turk. Phytopathol. 19:63, 1990. (2) R. A. Lelliott and D. E. Stead. Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, UK, 1987.

scholarly journals A New Strain of Tomato chino La Paz virus Associated with a Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Baja California Sur, Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 973-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Holguín-Peña ◽  
G. R. Arguello-Astorga ◽  
J. K. Brown ◽  
R. F. Rivera-Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Leaf Curl

Since 2001, geminivirus-like disease symptoms have been observed in tomato plants on the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico. These diseases have been associated with large populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in commercial fields and have caused dramatic decreases in expected yields. Leaf samples from tomato plants displaying symptoms of stunting and severe upward leaf curling were collected in March 2002 in fields located near the city of La Paz, Baja California Sur (BCS). Total DNA was extracted and tested for the presence of geminiviral DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with begomovirus-specific degenerate primer pairs PALIv1978/PARIc494 and PALIc1978/PARIv494 (4). PCR products of the expected size (~1.16 and ~1.45 kb) were obtained, cloned into pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, WI), and sequenced. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR fragments was performed using EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, and XbaI. Restriction fragment patterns were the same for all amplicons and no evidence of mixed infection was obtained. In addition, experimental transmission by whiteflies and inoculations by biolistics consistently induced severe leaf epinasty and stunted growth on tomato seedlings. The complete (2,606 nt) DNA-A sequence of the infecting virus was determined (GenBank Accession No. AY339618) and compared with viral sequences available at GenBank-EMBL databases using BLASTN and the CLUSTAL program (MegAlign, DNASTAR, Madison, WI). The highest nucleotide identity was obtained with the recently described Tomato chino Baja California virus, ToChBCV (90.2%, GenBank Accession No. AY339619), isolated from tomato plantings in El Carrizal, BCS, 100 km from La Paz (3). The second and third best scores were obtained with Tomato severe leaf curl virus from Nicaragua (ToSLCV-NI, 79.6%, GenBank Accession No. AJ508784) and Guatemala (ToSLCV-GT94, 73.8%, GenBank Accession No. AF130415), respectively. Overall, sequence similarity with other New World begomoviruses was rather low (less than 70% identity). Careful analysis of differences between the La Paz isolate and its closest relative, ToChBCV from El Carrizal, revealed that they display different Ori-associated iterons (i.e., replication (Rep)-binding sites) having GGAGTA and GGGTCY core sequences, respectively (1). Moreover, sequence comparisons of the Rep-binding domain (aa 1–120) showed that these domains are only 71% identical. Current taxonomic criteria for begomoviruses establishes that a virus DNA-A sequence identity below 89% with its closest relative is indicative of a separate species (2). Since the La Paz and El Carrizal isolates share 90.2% nt identity, they should be considered strains of a same virus species, recently renamed Tomato chino La Paz virus, ToChLPV (2). Nevertheless, the remarkable differences in their putative replication specificity determinants suggest that ToChLPV and ToChLPV-[BCS] could be incompatible in replication, an interesting issue that should be experimentally addressed. References: (1) G. R. Arguello-Astorga et al. Virology 203:90, 1994. (2) C. Fauquet and J. Stanley. Arch. Virol. 150:2151, 2005. (3) R. J. Holguín-Peña et al. Plant Dis. 89:341, 2005. (4) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of pepper weevil (anthonomus eugenii cano) (coleoptera: curculionidae) to seven insecticides in rural areas of Baja California Sur, México

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalía Servin-Villegas ◽  
José L. García-Hernández ◽  
Armando Tejas-Romero ◽  
José L. Martínez-Carrillo ◽  
M. A. Toapanta
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Anthonomus Eugenii ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Pepper Weevil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Agricultural Areas

The susceptibility of the pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii), collected from Baja California Sur, Mexico, to seven insecticides was determined. Acontact, residual exposition method was used to obtain the lethal concentrations fifty (LC50) and the diagnostic concentration (LC95) of organophosphates (OF), carbamates (CA), pyrethroids (PIR), and organochlorine (OC) insecticides used to control pepper weevils from two agricultural areas (Los Planes and Todos Santos) in Southern Baja California Peninsula, as well as on a pepper weevil population not exposed to insecticides (PWIF) for two years. The highest LC50’s were obtained for methomyl (CA) and oxamyl (CA), followed by methamidophos (OF), endosulfan (OC), cyfluthrin (PIR) and azinphos-methyl (OF). The lowest LC50’s were observed for carbaryl (CA). The field population from Todos Santos showed lower susceptibility than the population from Los Planes to insecticides as methomyl, oxamyl, and carbaryl, while with methamidophos, azinphos-methyl, and cyfluthrin, the LC50 showed higher values. The PWIF population presented the lowest LC50 values of all three populations tested. However, in most cases, the difference was not significant in relation to the two field populations, thus the PWIF population needs to be kept free of insecticides for longer periods to establish a susceptibility baseline for Anthonomus eugenii.

scholarly journals VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF MANGROVE PRESENCE IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE EAST COAST OF THE BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Francisco O. López -Fuerte ◽  
Mónica G. Rivera ◽  
Gabriela Cruz -Piñón
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Avicennia Germinans ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Laguncularia Racemosa ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
San Carlos

Verificación y validación de la presencia de manglar en la porción central de la costa oriental de la Península de Baja California, México Para verificar y/o validar la existencia de manglar en cuatro localidades de la porción central de la costa oriental de Baja California Sur, se realizó un recorrido en lancha desde la laguna costera San Lucas (27⁰ 14.8´ N; 112⁰ 12´ O) hasta el estero San Carlos (27° 42ʹ 13ʺ N, 112° 38ʹ 24ʺ O). Se verificó la ausencia de manglar en Campo Camacho, Santa Ana y San Carlos. La laguna costera San Lucas fue la única con presencia de manglar y los parámetros estructurales de este manglar indican tipologías de manglares de borde y enanos, los cuales se encontraron formando franjas paralelas a la línea de costa de entre 5 y 25 m de ancho. La cobertura total estimada mediante la digitalización de imágenes satelitales fue de 50 ha, lo que representó el 11% de la extensión de la laguna. La especie dominante fue Rhizophora mangle con el 44% de cobertura y altura promedio de 2.08 m (DE ± 0.41) con un intervalo de altura de 1.60–2.80 m, seguida por Avicennia germinans con 36% de cobertura, altura promedio de 2.4 m (DE ± 0.94) y un intervalo de 0.20–3.5 m y por último, Laguncularia racemosa con el 20% de cobertura, altura promedio de 2.40 m (DE ± 0.41) y un intervalo de 1.90–3 m.

Composition of spider prey captured by the wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tridentatum tridentatum in two habitats in an oasis in Baja California Sur, Mexico

2008 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Domínguez ◽  
María Luisa Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Baja California Peninsula ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Trap Nests ◽  
The Family ◽  
Xeric Habitat ◽  
Unidentified Species

AbstractTrypoxylon (Trypargilum) tridentatum tridentatum Packard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) is a spider-hunting wasp in mesic and xeric habitats in the arid Baja California peninsula of Mexico. Spider (Araneae) prey were collected every 2 weeks from wasp trap nests. Individuals of the family Araneidae were the most abundant prey (60.9%), followed by Theridiidae and Mimetidae. Dictynidae, Anyphaenidae, Salticidae, Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Miturgidae, and Philodromidae were captured only in the mesic habitat. An unidentified species of Eriophora Simon (Araneidae) was the most frequently collected spider in the xeric habitat (29.0%), followed by Theridion submissum Gertsch and Davis (Theridiidae) (24.0%), which was the commonest prey species in the mesic habitat (21.1%), and Metepeira crassipes Chamberlin and Ivie (Araneidae) (16.5%). Nineteen species and three families are newly recorded as prey. The araneids Araneus lineatipes (O.P.-Cambridge) and Kaira alba (Hentz) and the uloborids Philoponella arizonica (Gertsch) and Uloborus segregatus Gertsch are new records for Baja California.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida associated to tomato pith necrosis in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Lara Caroline BM Mota ◽  
Nilvanira D Tebaldi ◽  
José Magno Q Luz
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Pith Necrosis

ABSTRACT In 2016, several reports emerged of fresh-market staked tomato plants with severe symptoms of pith necrosis and premature death in commercial cultivation areas in the states of Paraná and Minas Gerais, Brazil, which are similar to those caused by Pseudomonas corrugata. Four bacterial strains were isolated from infected tissue samples and characterized as Gram-negative, aerobic, and fluorescent on King’s B Medium. LOPAT tests were performed and the isolate UFU H120 was classified into group Vb (+ + − + −) and the isolates UFU H3, UFU H6, and UFU H21 into group Va (− + − + −). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by artificial inoculation on tomato plants of Santa Cruz type, cv. Kada Gigante, and Koch’s postulates were accomplished successfully. The isolates sequences of their 16S rRNA gene region were compared with those deposited in GenBank, the isolate UFU H120 aligning with Pseudomonas fluorescens (99,45% similarity) and the isolates UFU H3, UFU H6, and UFU H21 with Pseudomonas putida (99.2, 99.53 and 99.64% similarity, respectively). Notably, P. fluorescens and P. putida are most known as saprophytic bacteria normally present in the soil, although both of these species have already been reported to infect tomato plants in Italy. However, so far, there have not been any reports of such bacteria being phytopathogenic on tomato or any crop in Brazil. Thus, to our knowledge, this is the first report of pith necrosis of such occurrence in Brazil.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Pseudomonas corrugata causing pith necrosis on tomato plants in Goiás, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice M. Quezado-Duval ◽  
Carielli M.N. Guimarães ◽  
Olinda M. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Corrugata ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pith Necrosis
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