scholarly journals Biocontrol Efficacy of Antagonist Yeasts to Gray Mold and Blue Mold on Apples and Pears in Controlled Atmospheres

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 848-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiping Tian ◽  
Qing Fan ◽  
Yong Xu ◽  
Haibo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Albidus ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apple Fruits

Biocontrol capability of the yeasts Trichosporon sp. and Cryptococcus albidus against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum was evaluated in apple (cv. Golden Delicious) and pear (cv. Jingbai) fruits at 1°C in air and under controlled atmospheres (CA) with 3% O2 + 3% CO2 or 3% O2 + 8% CO2. Trichosporon sp. controlled gray mold and blue mold of apple fruits more effectively than C. albidus (P < 0.05). Apple fruits treated with Trichosporon sp. and C. albidus had a lower incidence of gray mold rot than blue mold rot in the same storage conditions. Biocontrol efficacy of the yeasts for controlling gray mold and blue mold was better in apples than in pears. Populations of the yeasts in drop-inoculated wounds in fruits increased rapidly after 20 days at 1°C both in air and in CA conditions. There was no significant difference in colony diameters of the two pathogens cultured in 0 to 15% CO2 concentrations after 7 days at 20°C, but the colony diameter of both B. cinerea and P. expansum at 20% CO2 was significantly less than in other treatments (P < 0.05). CA with 3% O2 + 8% CO2 inhibited the pathogenic fungi more than CA with 3% O2 + 3% CO2.

scholarly journals Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yu ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Huangping Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Sholberg ◽  
Paul Randall
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Apple Slices

Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L−1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L−1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum, but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L−1) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L−1) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.

scholarly journals The occurrence of postharvest diseases on apples resistant to scab

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bryk ◽  
Dorota Kruczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Bull's Eye

The occurrence of storage diseases on fruit of seven scab resistant apple cultivars (Freedom, Rajka, Topaz, Rubinola, Enterprise, Goldstar, GoldRush) grafted on M.9 was investigated in 2001-2005. The trees were planted in 1995. It was found that after storage (4 and 6 months at 2<sup>°</sup>C, 85-90% RH) the most severe appeared to be bull's eye rot (<i>Pezicula</i> spp.). The most sensitive cultivars to this disease were: Topaz, Freedom, Goldstar, the least sensitive were Rubinola, Enterprise, Rajka. Other postharvest diseases like gray mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), blue mold (<i>Penicillium expansum</i>) and brown rot (<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>) were not common. 'Rajka' and 'Goldstar' were susceptible to bitter pit, and 'Freedom' to superficial scald.

scholarly journals First Report of Penicillium carneum Causing Blue Mold on Stored Apples in Pennsylvania

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1823-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Peter ◽  
I. Vico ◽  
V. Gaskins ◽  
W. J. Janisiewicz ◽  
R. A. Saftner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Β Tubulin

Blue mold decay occurs during long term storage of apples and is predominantly caused by Penicillium expansum Link. Apples harvested in 2010 were stored in a controlled atmosphere at a commercial Pennsylvania apple packing and storage facility, and were examined for occurrence of decay in May 2011. Several decayed apples from different cultivars, exhibiting blue mold symptoms with a sporulating fungus were collected. One isolate recovered from a decayed ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit was identified as P. carneum Frisvad. Genomic DNA was isolated, 800 bp of the 3′ end of the β-tubulin locus was amplified using gene specific primers and sequenced (4). The recovered nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX127312) indicated 99% sequence identity with P. carneum strain IBT 3472 (GenBank Accession No. JF302650) (3). The P. carneum colonies strongly sporulated and had a blue green color on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA), and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) media at 25°C after 7 days. The colonies also had a beige color on plate reverse on CYA and YES media. The species tested positive for the production of alkaloids, as indicated by a violet reaction for the Ehrlich test, and grew on CYA at 30°C and on Czapek with 1,000 ppm propionic acid agar at 25°C; all of which are diagnostic characters of this species (2). The conidiophores were hyaline and tetraverticillate with a finely rough stipe. Conida were produced in long columns, blue green, globose, and averaged 2.9 μm in diameter. To prove pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were conducted using 20 ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits. Fruits were washed, surface sterilized with 70% ethanol, and placed onto fruit trays. Using a nail, 3-mm wounds were created and inoculated with 50 μl of a 106/ml conidial suspension or water only as a negative control. The fruit trays were placed into boxes and were stored in the laboratory at 20°C for 7 days. The inoculated fruit developed soft watery lesions, with hard defined edges 37 ± 4 mm in diameter. The sporulating fungus was reisolated from infected tissue of all conidia inoculated apples and confirmed to be P. carneum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the β-tubulin locus as described. Water inoculated control apples were symptomless. Originally grouped with P. roqueforti, P. carneum was reclassified in 1996 as a separate species (1). P. carneum is typically associated with meat products, beverages, and bread spoilage and produces patulin, which is not produced by P. roqueforti (1,2). Our isolate of P. carneum was susceptible to the thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicide at 250 ppm, which is below the recommended labeled application rate of 600 ppm. The susceptibility to TBZ suggests that this P. carneum isolate has been recently introduced because resistance to TBZ has evolved rapidly in P. expansum (4). To the best of our knowledge, P. carneum has not previously been described on apple, and this is the first report of P. carneum causing postharvest decay on apple fruits obtained from storage in Pennsylvania. References: (1) M. Boyson et al. Microbiology 142:541, 1996. (2) J. C. Frisvad and R. A. Samson. Stud. Mycol. 49:1, 2004. (3) B. G. Hansen et al. BMC Microbiology 11:202, 2011. (4) P. L. Sholberg et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:41, 2005.

Control of blue mold (Penicillium expansum) by fludioxonil in apples (cv Empire) under controlled atmosphere and cold storage conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deena Errampalli ◽  
John Northover ◽  
Lisa Skog ◽  
Nichole R Brubacher ◽  
Cheryl A Collucci
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Blue Mold

Production of Mycotoxins by Penicillium expansum Inoculated into Apples

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1714-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
MITSURU WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Positive Ion ◽  
Uv And Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Apple Fruits

We investigated the production of mycotoxins in apple fruits inoculated with spores of 40 strains of apple blue mold, Penicillium expansum. Patulin and citrinin contents in the extracts from apples stored at 25°C for 12 days after inoculation were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with UV and fluorescence detection. Patulin and citrinin were produced by 90% (36) and 80% (32) of the 40 strains, indicating that P. expansum is a consistent producer of these mycotoxins. The patulin content in the extracts was substantially higher than the citrinin content. Other mycotoxins whose production in pure culture has been reported were simultaneously detected with high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis with the positive ion mode of electrospray ionization. Along with patulin and citrinin, expansolides A and B were identified based on the HPLC and LC-MS spectral data and detected in 88% (35) of the extracts. The results indicate that P. expansum is a consistent producer of expansolides A and B in rotten areas of apple fruits. The findings raise the possibility that products from decayed apples might contain expansolides A and B in addition to patulin and citrinin.

scholarly journals Improved Control of Postharvest Decay of Pears by the Combination of Candida sake (CPA-1) and Ammonium Molybdate

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Nunes ◽  
Josep Usall ◽  
Neus Teixidó ◽  
Maribel Abadias ◽  
Immaculada Viñas
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Candida Sake

The potential enhancement of Candida sake (CPA-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, on Blanquilla pears was investigated. In laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mM) alone or in combination with C. sake at 2 × 106 or 2 × 107 CFU ml-1 on Blanquilla pears stored at 20°C. In semicommercial trials at 1°C for 5 months, the efficacy of C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 on reducing P. expansum and B. cinerea decay was enhanced more than 88% with the addition of ammonium molybdate 5 mM in the 1999-2000 season. In two seasons, the performance C. sake at 2 × 106 CFU ml-1 plus ammonium molybdate was similar to or greater than that of C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU ml-1. Similar control of blue mold was obtained on pears stored under low oxygen conditions. The preharvest application of ammonium molybdate did not reduce postharvest blue mold decay. The population of C. sake on pear wounds significantly decreased in the presence of ammonium molybdate 1 and 5 mM at 20 and 1°C.

scholarly journals Control of Blue Mold of Apples by Preharvest Application of Candida sake Grown in Media with Different Water Activity

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 960-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Teixidó ◽  
I. Viñas ◽  
J. Usall ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Infected Wounds ◽  
Candida Sake

Unmodified and low water activity (aw)-tolerant cells of Candida sake CPA-1 applied before harvest were compared for ability to control blue mold of apples (‘Golden Delicious’) caused by Penicillium expansum under commercial storage conditions. The population dynamics of strain CPA-1 on apples were studied in the orchard and during storage following application of 3 × 106 CFU/ml of each treatment 2 days prior to harvest. In the field, the population size of the unmodified treatment remained relatively unchanged, while the population size of the low-aw-modified CPA-1 cells increased. During cold storage, the populations in both treatments increased from 103 to 105 CFU/g of apple after 30 days, and then declined to about 2.5 × 104 CFU/g of apple. In laboratory studies, the low-aw-tolerant cells provided significantly better disease control as compared with the unmodified cells and reduced the number of infected wounds and lesion size by 75 and 90%, respectively, as compared with the non-treated controls. After 4 months in cold storage, both unmodified and low-aw-tolerant cells of C. sake were equally effective against P. expansum on apple (>50% reduction in size of infected wounds).

Control of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on Apples and Pears with the Combination of Candida sake and Pantoea agglomerans

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLA NUNES ◽  
JOSEP USALL ◽  
NEUS TEIXIDÓ ◽  
ROSARIO TORRES ◽  
IMMACULADA VIÑAS
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Candida Sake ◽  
Stable Community

The effectiveness of Candida sake (CPA-1) in combination with Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) for controlling Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pears and apples was determined. The concentrations tested were 2 × 106 and 2 × 107 CFU/ml for C. sake and 2 × 107 and 8 × 107 CFU/ml for P. agglomerans. At room temperature, the two antagonists were combined in proportions of 0 to 100% in 25% increments. At the proportion of 50:50, no rot development was observed in pears, and the greatest control of blue mold in apples was observed at this proportion for all the tested concentrations. Under cold temperature on pears, the highest effectiveness of the mixture was observed when C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU/ml was combined with P. agglomerans at 2 × 107 or at 8 × 107 CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50. Under these conditions, no rot development of blue mold was reported, and gray mold lesion size was reduced by more than 95%. On apples, the mixture of C. sake at 2 × 107 CFU/ml and P. agglomerans at 8 × 107 CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50 reduced blue and gray mold incidence by 90%. Populations of the two antagonists had the same growth pattern at 20°C when they were applied individually or in combination, but the population level was always higher when they grew alone. In contrast, at 1°C, the population of both antagonists in combination formed a stable community with the same levels as individual application during the first 30 days; after that, C. sake dominated, and P. agglomerans decreased on apples and pears. At both temperatures, the maximum population level of C. sake was observed in apples, and the maximum population level of P. agglomerans was observed in pears.

scholarly journals Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

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