Soybean Root-Knot Nematode: A Diagnostic Guide

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-01-21-0005-dg ◽

2021 ◽

pp. PHP-01-21-0005-

Author(s):

Adrienne M. Gorny ◽

Weimin Ye ◽

Sam Cude ◽

Lindsey Thiessen

Keyword(s):

Common Root ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Soybean Production ◽

Soybean Root ◽

The World ◽

Plant Parasites ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most economically important plant parasites in the world, and significantly impacts soybean production in places where they are endemic. Several species of root-knot nematode are capable of causing significant damages to soybean and have broad host ranges that include common rotational crops and weeds. Symptoms of root-knot nematode infections may be confused with other diseases, nutritional disorders, or common root features associated with legumes. The purpose of this diagnostic guide is to provide information regarding identification, isolation, storage, and other relevant aspects of this pathosystem.

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Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. parasitising potato in Brazil and aggressiveness of M. javanica populations on susceptible cultivars

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Israel L. Medina ◽

Cesar B. Gomes ◽

Valdir R. Correa ◽

Vanessa S. Mattos ◽

Philippe Castagnone-Sereno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Rapd Markers ◽

Potato Production ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Prevalent Species ◽

Reproduction Factor

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) significantly impact potato production worldwide and in Brazil they are considered one of the most important group of nematodes affecting potatoes. The objectives of this study were to survey Meloidogyne spp. associated with potatoes in Brazil, determine their genetic diversity and assess the aggressiveness of M. javanica on two susceptible potato cultivars. Fifty-seven root-knot nematode populations were identified using esterase phenotyping, including Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica. Overall, root-knot nematodes were present in ca 43% of sampled sites, in which M. javanica was the most prevalent species, and the phenotypes Est J3, J2a and J2 occurred in 91.2, 6.7 and 2.1% of the positive samples, respectively. Other species, such as M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica, were found less frequently and occurred at rates of 6.4, 4.3 and 2.1% of the samples, respectively. Sometimes, M. javanica was found in mixtures with other root-knot nematodes in ca 10.6% of sites containing Meloidogyne. After confirming the identification of 17 isolates of M. javanica and one isolate each of M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica by SCAR markers, the populations were used to infer their genetic diversity using RAPD markers. Results revealed low intraspecifc genetic diversity among isolates (13.9%) for M. javanica. Similarly, M. javanica sub-populations (J2a) clustered together (81% of bootstrap), indicating subtle variation from typical J3 populations. The aggressiveness of four populations of M. javanica from different Brazilian states on two susceptible potato cultivars was tested under glasshouse conditions. Results indicated differences in aggressiveness among these populations and showed that potato disease was proportional to nematode reproduction factor.

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne floridensis on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0527b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 527-527

Author(s):

G. T. Church

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

Bromophenol Blue ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

First Report ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

The state of Florida is the largest producer of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in the United States with 2003 yields of 634 million kg on 17,700 ha valued at 516 million dollars. Effective crop management is essential for production of vegetables in Florida because of the presence of intense pest pressure. The identification of the pests present is the first step in the development of a successful IPM (integrated pest management) program. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are common nematodes that parasitize vegetables in Florida and cause significant yield reductions when not properly managed. In 2003 field experiments, soil was collected from two research farms in Saint Lucie and Seminole counties in Florida. Galling caused by root-knot nematode was observed on tomato at both locations. Since females suitable for identification are difficult to obtain from field-grown roots, field soil was placed in pots in the greenhouse and planted with Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers. Standard morphological techniques, differential host tests, and isozyme phenotypes were used in nematode identification. Female root-knot nematodes were extracted from tomato roots and placed in extraction buffer (10% wt/vol sucrose, 2% vol/vol Triton X-100, 0.01% wt/vol bromophenol blue). The females were crushed, loaded on a polyacrylamide gel, and separated by electrophoresis using the PhastSystem (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The activities of malate dehydrogenase and esterase enzymes were detected using standard techniques. Isozyme phenotypes consistent with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood as well as with the newly described M. floridensis Handoo (1) were observed at both locations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. floridensis naturally occurring on tomato in Florida. The identification and distribution of M. floridensis in vegetable production fields is important for disease management throughout the state since the host range is likely different from other Meloidogyne spp. Reference: (1) Z. A. Handoo et al. J. Nematol. 36:20, 2004.

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Marigold (Tagete erecta): An Effective Meloidogyne incognita Trap Plant

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology ◽

10.17957/ijab/15.1666 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 271-276

Author(s):

Wentao Wu

Keyword(s):

Root Exudates ◽

Host Plants ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Cells ◽

Biological Pest Control ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Trap Plants ◽

Strong Inhibitory Effect

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are soil-borne pathogens that can cause severe damage to agricultural production. The most common approaches to prevent root-knot nematode infections are based on crop rotation with non-host plants, use of chemical insecticides, biological control methods, and use of nematode-antagonistic or trap plants. Marigolds (Tagetes erecta) are used as nematode-killing plants, but there is controversy over the mechanism through which they control root-knot nematodes. This study confirmed that marigold root-exudates are lethal to root-knot nematodes, illustrated that marigolds act as trap plants for root-knot nematodes when planted close to nematode host plants such as tomato. We investigated the rates of infection and development of nematode larvae injected into the marigold root system to evaluate whether marigolds could act as a non-host plant for root-knot nematodes. We found that aqueous solutions of marigold root-exudates showed strong lethal and inhibitory effects on sec-stage juveniles and eggs of root-knot nematodes. Marigold roots secreted substances that attracted nematodes from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, marigold root cells contained substances that had a strong inhibitory effect on the development of root-knot nematodes, resulting in diapause in nematodes, and inhibition of further infection. Herein we report a preliminary exploration of the antagonistic mechanism in marigolds for controlling the growth and development of root-knot nematodes. Our research provides basis for promoting the use of marigold for the control of nematodes as an important part of sustainable cropping strategies that rely on biological pest control. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Meloidogyne Species Associated with Weeds in Rio Grande do Sul

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. BELLÉ ◽

T.E. KASPARY ◽

R.R. BALARDIN ◽

R.F. RAMOS ◽

Z.I. ANTONIOLLI

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Management Practices ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Weed Species ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Meloidogyne Species

ABSTRACT: The frequency of species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) was evaluated in weeds collected in different fallow farms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the samples where the nematode was found, the species of the root-knot nematode was identified by electrophoresis using the isozyme esterase. They were obtained from weeds belonging to 24 weed species from 13 different botanical families: Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Convovulaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Poaceae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae. Meloidogyne javanica Est J3 (Rm: 1.0, 1.25, 1.40) was the most frequent species and occurred in 53.3% of the samples. M. arenaria with phenotype Est. A2 (Rm: 1.20, 1.30) was detected in 15.6% of the samples. M. incognita Est. I2 (Rm: 1.0, 1.1), M. ethiopica Est. E3 (Rm: 0.9, 1.15, 1.30), M. enterolobii Est. M2 (Rm: 0.7, 0.75, 0.9, 0.95) and M. hapla Est. H1 (Rm: 1.17) in 13.3%, 8.9%, 6.7% and 2.2% of the samples, respectively. Therefore, knowledge of the range of host plants to different species of the root-knot nematode can positively contribute to the adoption of management practices that allow the reduction of their populations in the soil.

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GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF FIFTEEN CUCUMBER CULTIVARS TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne incognita)

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2019.3.5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tariq Mukhtar ◽

Muhammad Zameer Kayani

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Yield Parameters ◽

Significant Damage ◽

The World ◽

Yield Responses ◽

Moderately Resistant

Root-knot nematodes have become a grave menace to the lucrative production of cucumber throughout the world. These nematodes are mainly controlled by applying nematicides, but their use is often associated with hazards. Alternatively, the use of nematode resistant cultivars is considered to be innocuous and economically feasible. For their fitness as nematode-suppressive crops, the reduction in growth and yield parameters of these cultivars must be assessed. As there is little documented data about the effects of Meloidogyne incognita on the damage of cucumber, therefore, in the present study, the effects of M. incognita were evaluated on growth and yield parameters of fifteen cucumber cultivars. M. incognita significantly negatively affected the growth and yield parameters of all the cucumber cultivars. Shoot and root lengths and shoot weights of all the cultivars were significantly reduced as a result of nematode infection. Maximum reductions in these parameters were recorded in highly susceptible cultivars followed by susceptible ones, while the reductions were minimal in resistant followed by moderately resistant cultivars. On the contrary, the infection by M. incognita resulted in an increase in root weights of all the cultivars. The increase was found to be the maximum in highly susceptible cultivars followed by susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars. Likewise, the minimum increase was observed in the resistant cultivars followed by moderately resistant cultivars. Similarly, significant variations in yield parameters among fifteen cucumber cultivars were also recorded as a result of M. incognita infection. In the case of highly susceptible cultivars, the reductions in yield parameters were maximum, whereas the reductions in resistant and moderately resistant cultivars were found to be minimum. As cultivars Long Green, Marketmore, Pioneer-II, Dynasty and Summer Green experienced no significant damage compared to susceptible cucumber cultivars and therefore, they are approved for cultivation in nematode infested soils.

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Integrated Analysis of the lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Expression Profiles Reveals Novel Insights Into Potential Mechanisms in Response to Root-knot Nematodes in Peanut

10.21203/rs.3.rs-968829/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ping Xu ◽

Hui Li ◽

Xiaohua Wang ◽

Ge Zhao ◽

Xiaofei Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Profiles ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

The World

Abstract BackgroundThe high content of oil and protein makes peanut the main oil and edible crop in the world. Root-knot nematode forms root-knot by infecting peanut roots, which lead to poor development of peanut roots and seriously restricts the yield of peanut in the world. With the release of peanut genome, a large number of genetic loci controlling peanut root-knot nematode have been detected, but the molecular mechanism of root-knot nematode is still unclear. ResultsThe whole transcriptome RNA-seq was used to reveal the divergent response to root-knot nematode stress in peanut roots. A total of 430 mRNAs, 111 miRNAs, 4453 lncRNAs and 123 circRNAs were identified differential expression between infected and no-infected peanut, respectively. To understand the potential mechanisms in response to root-knot nematodes in peanut roots, the expression profiles of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network were constructed. A total of 10 lncRNAs, 4 circRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 13 mRNAs can regularly the expression of mRNA during root-knot nematodes stress by forming competing endogenous RNA and participate in oxidation-reduction process and other various biological metabolism pathways in peanut. The results gained will reveal the role of ceRNAs of peanut in response to root-knot nematodes.ConclusionThe GO classification and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of core regulatory networks revealing the ceRNAs participate in oxidation-reduction, peroxidase activity, lignin synthesis in xylem and flavonoid synthesis process. Overall, those results could gain the knowledge of the role of no-coding RNAs in response to root-knot nematodes.

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Management of Root Knot Nematode on Tomato through Grafting Root Stock of Solanum sisymbriifolium

Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council ◽

10.3126/jnarc.v3i1.17272 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 27-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Suraj Baidya ◽

Ram Devi Timila ◽

Ram Bahadur KC ◽

Hira Kaji Manandhar ◽

Chetana Manandhar

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Agricultural Research Council ◽

Root Stock ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Solanum Sisymbriifolium

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) are difficult to manage once established in the field because of their wide host range, and soil-borne nature. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the use of resistant root stock of wild brinjal (Solanum sisymbriifolium) to reduce the loss caused by the nematodes on tomato. For the management of root-knot nematodes, grafted plant with resistant root stock of the wild brinjal was tested under farmers’ field conditions at Hemza of Kaski district. Grafted and non-grafted plants were produced in root-knot nematode-free soil. Around three week-old grafted and non-grafted tomato plants were transplanted in four different plastic tunnels where root-knot nematodes had been reported previously. The plants were planted in diagonal position to each other as a pair plot in 80 × 60 cm2 spacing in an average of 20 × 7 m2 plastic tunnels. Galling Index (GI) was recorded three times in five randomly selected plants in each plot at 60 days intervals. The first observation was recorded two months after transplanting. Total fruit yield was recorded from same plants. In the grafted plants, the root system was totally free from gall whereas in an average of 7.5 GI in 0-10 scale was recorded in the non-grafted plants. Fruits were harvested from time to time and cumulated after final harvest to calculate the total fruit yield. It was estimated that on an average tomato fruit yield was significantly (P>0.05) increased by 37 percent in the grafted plants compared with the non-grafted plants. Grafting technology could be used effectively for cultivation of commonly grown varieties, which are susceptible to root-knot nematodes in disease prone areas. This can be used as an alternative technology for reducing the use of hazardous pesticides for enhancing commercial organic tomato production.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.3 2017: 27-31

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Suppression of Root-Knot Nematode by Vermicompost Tea Prepared From Different Curing Ages of Vermicompost

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-16-1068-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 734-737 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Shova Mishra ◽

Koon-Hui Wang ◽

Brent S. Sipes ◽

Miaoying Tian

Keyword(s):

Cucumis Sativus ◽

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Root Penetration ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Vermicompost Tea ◽

Over Time

Suppression of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) by vermicompost tea (VCT) has been inconsistent. Greenhouse and laboratory trials were conducted to compare the effects of VCT prepared from different curing ages of vermicompost (VC) on root penetration, reproduction, and hatching of M. incognita. In the penetration experiment, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) seedlings were drenched with VCT prepared from (i) uncured (UVC), (ii) partially cured (PVC), (iii) completely cured (CVC) vermicompost, and (iv) water or no vermicompost (NVC) 3 days prior to M. incognita inoculation. The experiment was repeated twice on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and terminated one week after nematode inoculation. All three trials showed that UVC and PVC reduced (P ≤ 0.05) penetration of M. incognita compared with CVC and NVC. Two greenhouse trials showed that VCT from different curing ages of VC did not reduce the abundance of M. incognita juveniles in soil and eggs in roots 2.5 months after nematode inoculation. Two laboratory trials to examine hatching consistently showed that VCT from UVC and PVC suppressed hatching (P ≤ 0.05) compared with NVC, achieving 83.1% hatch reduction by UVC. Overall, VCT from UVC and PVC suppressed root penetration and hatching, but not the reproduction of M. incognita over time.

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A Search for Resistance in Lycopersicon spp. to Nacobbus aberrans

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.217 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 217-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. C. Veremis ◽

G. B. Cap ◽

P. A. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Germ Plasm ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Nacobbus Aberrans ◽

Lycopersicon Cheesmanii ◽

Greenhouse Tests

Accessions of Lycopersicon cheesmanii, L. chmielewskii, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, L.hirsutum, L. parviflorum, L. peruvianum, L. pennellii, L. pimpinellifolium, and three interspecific hybrids of L. peruvianum with L. esculentum, were screened for resistance to the false root-knot nematode (Nacobbus aberrans) in greenhouse tests. Variability in nematode reproduction levels was observed within L. chmielewskii accessions LA 2695 and LA 2663 in initial tests with N. aberrans from Argentina; however, interspecific hybrids of L. esculentum cv. UC-82 × L. chmielewskii LA 2695, L. esculentum cv. UC-82 × L. chmielewskii LA 2663, and all the parent plants were susceptible in subsequent tests to the isolate of N. aberrans from Argentina and to an isolate from Mexico. The interspecific hybrids that possess the gene Mi and additional novel resistance to Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes) and all other exotic tomato accessions tested were susceptible to N. aberrans in our tests. Thus, we have been unable to identify or confirm resistance to two N. aberrans isolates in a range of Lycopersicon germ plasm accessions, including those that possess genes for resistance to root-knot nematodes.

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KETAHANAN BEBERAPA AKSESI KENAF TERHADAP NEMATODA PURU AKAR (Meloidogyne spp)

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v11n4.2005.129-133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

UNTUNG SETYO BUDI ◽

RR. SRI HARTATI ◽

CECE SUHARA

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Research Result ◽

Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Resistant Variety ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Specific Hybridization ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

ABSTRAK Nematoda puru akar (Meloidogyne spp.) merupakan penyakit yang tergolong penting dan banyak menyerang pertanaman kenaf di lahan pengembangan maupun perbenihan sehingga banyak menimbulkan kerugian bagi petani karena terjadi penurunan produktivitas. Salah satu cara untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan varietas tahan. Evaluasi plasma nutfah merupakan tahap awal untuk mengetahui potensi yang ada pada tiap-tiap aksesi yang nantinya bisa dipergunakan sebagai sumber gen ketahanan. Kegiatan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan 23 aksesi kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) dan 3 aksesi kerabat liarnya (Hibiscus asetosela dan Hibiscus radiatus) terhadap serangan nematoda puru akar (NPA) dilakukan di rumah kaca dan laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang pada bulan Agustus - Desember 2003. Penelitian mengacu pada Metode Taylor dan Sasser yang dimodifikasi, sedangkan penilaian tingkat ketahanan j menggunakan metode Canto-Saenz. Benih kenaf ditanam dalam pollybag berisi media tanah-pasir-pupuk kandang seberat 10 kg dengan perban- dingan 5:3:2, diulang 10 kali. Pada umur 15 hari setelah tanam, tanaman diinokulasi dengan massa larva Meloidogyine spp stadium dua sebanyak 40 larva per 100 ml tanah (atau 4000 larva per polybag). Pengamatan dilakukan pada 30 hari setelah inokulasi atau 45 hari setelah tanam, yaitu terhadapjumlah puru akar, populasi larva NPA dalamtanah dan akar, serta tinggi dan diameter batang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua aksesi kenaf (H. cannabinus) tidak tahan terhadap serangan NPA, namun tiga aksesi dari kerabat liamya, yaitu SSRH/1010 H (H. asetosela), SSRH/1023 H (H. asetosela) dan Kal II (H. radiatus) memiliki sifat tahan terhadap NPA Ketiga aksesi tersebut diharapkan bisa dipergunakan sebagai tetua tahan nematoda puru akar pada persilangan interspesifik dengan kenaf komersial. Kata kunci : Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, plasma nutfah, penyakit ketahanan, nematoda puru akar ABSTRACT Resistance of kenaf accessions to root knot nematodes Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) is the main pest of kenaf both the field and nursery. This reduced kenaf farmer's income because it decreased the productivity. One of the solutions to eliminate this problem is utilization of resistant variety. Evaluation of germplasm is one of the methods to identify tolerant accessions to root knot nematode. The experiment aimed to screen the level of resistance of kenaf and allied fibre accessions to root knot nematodes (RKN). The activity was conducted at the laboratory and the green house of Indonesian Research Institute for Tobacco and Fibre Crops, Malang from August to December 2003. The experiment used modified Taylor and Sasser method, while to determine level of plant resistance used Canto-Saenz method. Kenaf seeds were planted in polybags consisting of media soil-sand-cattle manure 10 kg polybag with both in the replicated ten times. Number of RKN larvae tested were 40 larvae/l00 ml soil or 4000 larvae/polybag, which were inoculated 15 days after planting. Observation was done 30 days after inoculation or 45 days after planting on the numbers of galls on root, population of RKN in the soil and root, plant height and stem diameter. Research result showed that three accessions from allied fibre of kenaf, namely SSRH/1010 H (H. asetosela), SSRH/1023 H (H. asetosela) and Kal II (H. radiatus) were resistant to RKN, while, all of 23 accessions of kenaf (H. cannabinus) were susceptible to highly susceptible to RKN. There three accessions can be used as resostant parent on inter specific hybridization.

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