scholarly journals Effect of Tillage and Cultivar on Plant Population, Sudden Death Syndrome, and Yield of Soybean in Iowa

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuba R. Kandel ◽  
Leonor F. S. Leandro ◽  
Daren S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
No Till ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
The Impact

Conservation tillage has become a common practice of soybean farming in the Midwestern United States owing to the benefits of soil and moisture conservation. Field trials were established in a field with a history of sudden death syndrome (SDS; caused by Fusarium virguliforme) in Iowa in 2011 and evaluated for five consecutive years to determine the impact of tillage on SDS and yield. The experiment was laid out in a split-split-plot design with four replicates. The main plot factor was tillage (no-till both crops, no-till corn and chisel plow soybean, and disc corn and chisel plow soybean), and each main plot was divided into subplots of corn or soybeans (in a 2-year rotation). Each subplot was again divided into two subsubplots, in which two soybean cultivars, moderately susceptible (MS) and moderately resistant (MR) to SDS, were planted each year. Root rot and SDS disease index (FDX) differed among years, because some years were more favorable for the disease than the others. However, tillage did not affect any parameters, including yield, in any year (P > 0.05). Cultivar effect was significant for each parameter occasionally. When significant, the MR cultivar had lower root rot and FDX and greater yield than the MS cultivar. These data suggest planting resistant cultivars can be an effective management tactic, but tillage does not help for SDS management.

scholarly journals Revisiting Planting Date and Cultivar Effects on Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Development and Yield Loss

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 2152-2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Marburger ◽  
Damon L. Smith ◽  
Shawn P. Conley
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
The Impact

The impact of today’s optimal planting dates on sudden death syndrome (SDS) (caused by Fusarium virguliforme) development and soybean yield loss are not yet well understood. Field trials established in Hancock, Wisconsin during 2013 and 2014 investigated interactions between planting date and cultivar on SDS development and soybean yield. In 2013, disease index (DX) levels differed among cultivars, but results showed no difference between the 6 May and 24 May planting dates. Significantly lower DX levels were observed for the 17 June date. Greatest yields were found in the 6 May planting date, and yield losses were 720 (17%), 770 (20%), and 400 kg ha−1 (12%) for the 6 May, 24 May, 17 and June planting dates, respectively. In 2014, cultivars again differed for DX, but results showed highest DX levels in the 5 May planting date, with little disease observed in the 22 May and 11 June dates. Yield losses were 400 (12%) and 270 kg ha−1 (9%) for the 5 May and 22 May dates, respectively, but no difference was found in the 11 June date. Despite the most symptom development, these results suggest early May planting coupled with appropriate cultivar selection provides maximum yield potential and profitability in Wisconsin.

Alternative weed management strategies in conservation tillage systems for white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Tony J. Vyn ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

White bean producers often perceive that increased herbicide inputs are required with the adoption of conservation tillage. Acceptance of conservation tillage systems for this crop would increase if effective weed management practices were assured. In 1991 and 1992, various weed management strategies were evaluated in white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown with three tillage systems at two sites in southern Ontario. Experiments were newly established each year following corn harvested for grain. Primary tillage treatments were fall moldboard plowing, fall chisel plowing, and first-year no-till. Combinations of mechanical weeding, metobromuron [3–(4–bromophenyl)–1–methoxy–1–methylurea] herbicide broadcasted at two rates, and a band application of the herbicide were investigated in each tillage system. Timely rotary hoeing reduced weed numbers in moldboard plow and chisel plow treatments, but was not effective in no-till. Weeds were adequately controlled in all tillage systems with mechanical treatments following a herbicide either broadcasted at a reduced rate or banded over the crop row. Metobromuron broadcasted at the full recommended rate alone controlled weeds in no-till; in contrast, the degree of weed control was poor without mechanical cultivation in both moldboard and chisel plow systems. Integrating mechanical and chemical control methods was more beneficial in tilled systems. Overall weed populations were lower in first-year no-till than moldboard plow or chisel plow tillage systems. White bean producers who adopt conservation tillage under conditions similar to those investigated can be assured of effective weed management alternatives as well as bean yields equivalent to conventional tillage. Key words: Conservation tillage, weed management, rotary hoe, inter-row cultivation, Phaseolus vulgaris

scholarly journals Cropping systems on root rot and soybean seed yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira Maier ◽  
Clovis Arruda Souza ◽  
Ricardo Trezzi Casa
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
No Till ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Soybean Roots

ABSTRACT: Root rot (RR), which can occur in different cropping systems, affects soybean seed yield. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of RR in soybean crop systems and its relationship with soybean yield. The study was carried out for two growing seasons in a no-till system consisting of four soybean crop systems: soybean-oat+soybean-oat, soybean-maize+soybean-maize, soybean-wheat+soybean-wheat and soybean-pasture+soybean-pasture. Data were submitted to Pearson’s correlation. Incidence of RR, mainly charcoal rot and sudden death, was more than 50% in soybean roots for all the soybean crop systems and consequently decreased yield by around 22kg ha-1 of seed for every 1% increase in RR. Root rot led to a decline in seed yield from 20 to 102kg ha-1 in the first season and 9 to 32kg ha-1 in the second season, considering all the cropping systems. Soybean + pasture was the lowest productive system, with a negative RR impact of 74.9 and 32.9kg ha-1 in the first and second season, respectively.

scholarly journals Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Causal Agent Fusarium brasiliense Present in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Hyunkyu Sang ◽  
Janette L. Jacobs ◽  
Kjersten A. Oudman ◽  
Linda E. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Pathogenicity Assay

Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) clade 2, is a major and economically important disease in soybean worldwide. The primary causal agent of SDS isolated to date in North America has been F. virguliforme. In 2014 and 2016, SDS symptoms were found in two soybean fields located on the same farm in Michigan. Seventy Fusarium strains were isolated from roots of the SDS-symptomatic soybeans in two fields. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of elongation factor-1α, the nuclear ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region, and the RNA polymerase II beta subunit revealed that the primary FSSC species isolated was F. brasiliense (58 and 36% in each field) and the remaining Fusarium strains were identified as F. cuneirostrum, F. phaseoli, an undescribed Fusarium sp. from FSSC clade 2, and strains in FSSC clade 5 and FSSC clade 11. Molecular identification was supported with morphological analysis and a pathogenicity assay. The soybean seedling pathogenicity assay indicated that F. brasiliense was capable of causing typical foliar SDS symptoms. Both root rot and foliar disease severity were variable by strain, just as they are in F. virguliforme. Both FSSC 5 and FSSC 11 strains were also capable of causing root rot, but SDS foliar symptoms were not detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. brasiliense causing SDS in soybean in the United States and the first report of F. cuneirostrum, F. phaseoli, an as-yet-unnamed Fusarium sp., and strains in FSSC clade 5 and FSSC clade 11 associated with or causing root rot of soybean in Michigan.

scholarly journals Effects of Pathogen Population Levels and Crop-Derived Nutrients on Development of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome and Growth of Fusarium virguliforme

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen M. Freed ◽  
Crystal M. Floyd ◽  
Dean K. Malvick
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Foliar Disease ◽  
Corn Seed

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is a significant disease of soybean. The suite of factors that influence disease development is incompletely understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of pathogen population levels, crop residues, seed exudates, and their interactions on development of SDS and growth of F. virguliforme. Studies were conducted in a greenhouse with cultivars susceptible and partially resistant to SDS, four pathogen population levels, and six crop residue treatments (none; ground corn seed, stalks, and roots; ground soybean stems; and sorghum seed). Root rot was assessed 15 and 50 days after inoculation (dai) and foliar disease and plant biomass were assessed 50 dai. Population level increases and crop residues had significant interacting effects on increasing foliar disease severity and root rot and on biomass reduction. Disease severity was positively correlated with population and biomass was negatively correlated. Plants grown with no crop residues exhibited low or no root rot or foliar disease 15 dai, and severity was greatest with corn and sorghum seed. In vitro studies were conducted to test the effects of exudates collected from germinating soybean and corn seed on growth of F. virguliforme and F. solani. Growth of these fungi was greater in exudates than in water. More growth occurred in exudates collected during soybean radicle emergence than those sampled at other times during germination. These studies show that pathogen population levels and crop-derived nutrients in soil interact and influence severity of SDS. Results have implications for gaging disease risk and managing SDS.

scholarly journals The Effect of Previous Crop Residues and Tillage on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dill-Macky ◽  
R. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
No Till ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Spring Wheat Cultivar

Effects of previous crop residues and tillage practices on Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat were examined. Fusarium head blight was monitored in plots of the FHB-susceptible spring wheat cultivar Norm following crops of corn, wheat, and soybeans in 1995, 1996, and 1997. Moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till treatments were imposed perpendicular to crop strips to establish a range of residue levels in each of the previous crop residues. Fusarium head blight incidence and severity were greatest when wheat followed corn and least when wheat followed soybeans. Incidence and severity were lower in moldboard plowed plots than in either chisel plowed or no-till plots, although differences among chisel plow and no-till treatments were not apparent. Yields of wheat were approximately 15% lower in plots where wheat followed corn or wheat than in wheat following soybeans and were 10% greater in moldboard plowed plots than in either chisel plowed or no-till treatments. The deoxynivalenol (DON) content of harvested grain was significantly correlated with FHB incidence and severity. The DON level in wheat following soybeans, averaged across tillage treatments, was 25% lower than in wheat following wheat and 50% of the level in wheat following corn. These findings suggest that changes in regional tillage practices, principally the move toward conservation tillage and reduced-till systems, contributed to the recent FHB epidemics in the Upper Midwest. Because differences in the type and quantity of crop residues in small plots affected disease development, it is likely that local sources of inoculum, such as those within a grower's field, contribute directly to the inoculum load and disease potential. The implication of these findings is that selection of cultural practices aimed to reduce inoculum-borne residues will assist in the control of FHB.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Temperature and Plant Age at Time of Inoculation on Progress of Root Rot and Foliar Symptoms of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Gongora-Canul ◽  
L. F. S. Leandro
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean is favored by planting in cool soil but epidemics can be severe even when planting occurs later in the season into warmer soil. Our objective was to determine how soil temperature affects susceptibility of plants exposed to Fusarium virguliforme at different ages. Soybean plants were grown in rhizotrons in water baths at 17, 23, and 29°C. Subsets of plants were inoculated 0, 3, 7, and 13 days after planting (DAP) by drenching soil with a conidial suspension. Root rot developed in all inoculated plants but severity decreased with increasing temperature and plant age at inoculation. Severity of foliar symptoms also decreased with increasing plant age. Whereas plants inoculated 0 DAP developed severe foliar symptoms at all temperatures, plants inoculated 3 and 7 DAP developed symptoms only at 17 and 23°C, and those inoculated 13 DAP never developed foliar symptoms at any temperature. Root length at inoculation was negatively correlated with disease severity. Our findings suggest that roots are most susceptible to infection during the first days after seed germination and that accelerated root growth in warmer temperatures reduces susceptibility to root infection conducive to foliar symptoms. However, soil temperature may not affect infections that occur as soon as seeds germinate.

A Temperature-Controlled Water Bath Method for Evaluating Soybean Reaction to Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS)

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Hashmi ◽  
J. P. Bond ◽  
M. E. Schmidt ◽  
J. H. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Field Reaction ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

Many greenhouse screening methods have been tested to evaluate soybean genotypes for reaction to sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. These methods generally have proven disappointing in that results are not consistent among methods or do not correlate with field reaction. In the present study, SDS foliar symptom severity among 24 soybean genotypes was compared using three inoculation methods in the greenhouse. The pathogen inoculum was either mixed (seedbed mixing) or layered (seedbed layering) in the soil medium prior to planting seed and then kept on a greenhouse bench or the inoculum was layered in the soil medium and kept in a temperature control water bath. The water bath method was similar to the layering method with the addition of precise temperature control. The water bath method was superior to the other methods in consistency of SDS symptoms among genotypes among trials and in agreement with SDS field reaction. When disease severity data obtained in the greenhouse were regressed with foliar disease data obtained in field trials, R2 values were 0.56, 0.60, and 0.81 for the seedbed mixing, seedbed layering, and water bath methodS, respectively. The improved ability to predict field response using the water bath method likely results from precise control of the temperature in the rhizosphere. The water bath method described herein will increase the efficiency of selection for highly adapted SDS resistant cultivars by reducing the number of genotypes that must be evaluated under field conditions. Accepted for publication 2 August 2005. Published 6 September 2005.

scholarly journals Reduction of Sudden Death Syndrome Foliar Symptoms and Fusarium virguliforme DNA in Roots Inoculated With Rhizophagus intraradices

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Pawlowski ◽  
Glen L. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Rhizophagus Intraradices ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing interest in incorporating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into agricultural production because of the benefits they provide, including protection against pathogens and pests. Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean is a devastating disease caused by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. Multiple management methods are needed to control SDS. The relationship between F. virguliforme and AMF is not well documented. The goal of this study was to determine whether soybean plants co-inoculated with F. virguliforme and the AMF species Rhizophagus intraradices showed reduced SDS foliar symptom severity and reduced relative F. virguliforme DNA quantities in soybean roots. Six soybean genotypes were inoculated with F. virguliforme alone or with R. intraradices in a greenhouse experiment. Averaged over the six soybean genotypes, area under the disease progress curve values and relative F. virguliforme DNA quantities were 45 and 28% lower (P < 0.05), respectively, in roots co-inoculated with R. intraradices compared with roots of control plants inoculated with F. virguliforme only. Weight of roots co-inoculated with R. intraradices were 58% higher (P < 0.05) compared with roots of plants not inoculated with R. intraradices. Nutrient analysis showed higher boron, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur concentrations in root tissues of plants co-inoculated with R. intraradices compared with plants inoculated with F. virguliforme (P < 0.05). Overall, this study showed that R. intraradices reduced SDS severity and relative F. virguliforme DNA quantities while simultaneously increasing growth and nutrient uptake of plants. Further testing of AMF inoculants in the field will indicate whether incorporating them into soybean SDS management practices will reduce the impact of SDS on soybean production.

scholarly journals Diagnostic qPCR Assay to Detect Fusarium brasiliense, a Causal Agent of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome and Root Rot of Dry Bean

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Mitchell G. Roth ◽  
Kjersten A. Oudman ◽  
Amanda Griffin ◽  
Janette L. Jacobs ◽  
Hyunkyu Sang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Taqman Probe ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Accurate Detection

Species within clade 2 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are significant pathogens of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max), causing root rot and/or sudden death syndrome (SDS). These species are morphologically difficult to distinguish and often require molecular tools for proper diagnosis to a species level. Here, a TaqMan probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to distinguish Fusarium brasiliense from other closely related species within clade 2 of the FSSC. The assay displays high specificity against close relatives and high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 100 fg. This assay was able to detect F. brasiliense from purified mycelia, infected dry bean roots, and soil samples throughout Michigan. When multiplexed with an existing qPCR assay specific to Fusarium virguliforme, accurate quantification of both F. brasiliense and F. virguliforme was obtained, which can facilitate accurate diagnoses and identify coinfections with a single reaction. The assay is compatible with multiple qPCR thermal cycling platforms and will be helpful in providing accurate detection of F. brasiliense. Management of root rot and SDS pathogens in clade 2 of the FSSC is challenging and must be done proactively, because no midseason management strategies currently exist. However, accurate detection can facilitate management decisions for subsequent growing seasons to successfully manage these pathogens.

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