scholarly journals Exploiting Genetic Diversity for Blast Disease Resistance Sources in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Eric O. Manyasa ◽  
Pangirayi Tongoona ◽  
Paul Shanahan ◽  
Stephen Githiri ◽  
Henry Ojulong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Grain Color

Finger millet blast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea, is the most important disease of finger millet in East Africa. Diseased plants are significantly less productive, and most cultivars grown by farmers are susceptible to the disease. Fungicide application is an option for disease management; however, smallholder farmers cannot afford the cost. Host plant resistance is therefore the most viable option for managing the disease. Eighty-one finger millet germplasm accessions from East Africa were evaluated for resistance to blast disease, in natural and inoculated trials. Three accessions (G18, G43, and G67) were identified as resistant to all the three progressive stages of blast: leaf, neck, and panicle. However, one (G3) and four (G15, G16, G60, and G70) accessions were only resistant to leaf and neck blast, respectively. Two resistant (G39 and G43) and 12 moderately resistant (G3, G7, G11, G20, G23, G27, G31, G33, G36, G66, G74, and G81) accessions to blast attained grain yields >2.0 t/ha. These accessions varied in time to maturity, plant height, and grain color, which will enable farmers to select accessions appropriate to their target agro-ecological zones and desired end uses. East African finger millet germplasm has high potential as a source of blast-resistant accessions that could be evaluated for direct production and/or for blast-resistance breeding.

scholarly journals Selection of Host Differentials for Elucidating Pathogenic Variation in Magnaporthe grisea Populations Adapted to Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talluri Kiran Babu ◽  
Rajan Sharma ◽  
R. P. Thakur ◽  
Hari D. Upadhyaya ◽  
P. Narayan Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
Differential Set ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding ◽  
Selection Of

Blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea), is the most devastating disease of finger millet affecting production, utilization, and trade in Africa and Southeast Asia. An attempt was made to select a set of putative host differentials that can be used to determine virulence diversity in finger-millet-infecting populations of M. grisea. Thus, a differential set comprising eight germplasm accessions selected from finger millet core collection (IE 2911, IE 2957, IE 3392, IE 4497, IE 5091, IE 6240, IE 6337, and IE 7079) and a resistant (‘GPU 28’) and a susceptible (‘VR 708’) variety was developed. This differential set was used to study pathogenic variation in 25 isolates of M. grisea collected from Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh states in India. Based on the reaction (virulent = score ≥4 and avirulent = score ≤3 on a 1-to-9 scale) on host differentials, nine pathotypes were identified among 25 M. grisea isolates. Pathotype 9, represented by isolate Pg23 from Vizianagaram, was the most virulent because it could infect all of the host differentials except GPU 28. This study will be helpful in devising strategies for monitoring virulence change in M. grisea populations, and for identification of blast resistance in finger millet for use in disease resistance breeding programs.

scholarly journals Farmers’ knowledge and perception of finger millet blast disease and its control practices in western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilton Mbinda ◽  
Agnes Kavoo ◽  
Fredah Maina ◽  
Margaret Odeph ◽  
Cecilia Mweu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finger Millet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Disease Occurrence

Abstract Background Finger millet blast disease, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is a serious constrain of finger millet production which is threatening global food security especially to the resource poor smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. The disease adversely affects finger millet production and consumption due to its wide distribution and destruction in all finger millet growing areas of southern Asia and eastern Africa. Here, we present a study that investigated the occurrence, impact, risk factors and farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of finger millet blast in Kenya. Methods We surveyed blast disease occurrence and interviewed farmers in Bungoma and Kisii Counties of Kenya during March–April 2019. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical program. Descriptive analysis was done by calculating means, percentages, frequencies, and standard errors. Comparative statistics, chi-square and t-tests, were used to evaluate differences existing among the farm characteristics and socio-demographics and the knowledge and perceptions of blast disease and its management practices. Results Our results show that blast disease is prevalent in all surveyed areas and adversely affects the productivity of the crop leading to poor yields. The disease occurrence varied from 92 to 98%, and was significantly higher in the major finger millet growing areas compared to the minor ones. Blast occurrence was associated with rainfall, altitude, planting density, intercropping and other farming practices. In all the surveyed regions, farmers had little knowledge about blast disease identification, its detection and spread. Further, the farmers’ awareness of blast disease control was inconsistent with established practices. Conclusions Our results show mitigation of finger millet blast disease should aim at improving farmers’ adoption of best practices through development of acceptable blast-resistant finger millet varieties, use of sustainable disease management practices, fostering linkages and creating new partnerships in the production-supply chain and maintaining a functional seed system. Findings from this study provide essential insights for effective decision making and management of the disease. This is fundamental to sustainable and secure food and income for finger millet growing farmers in Kenya.

scholarly journals Exploring the Distribution of Blast Resistance Alleles at the Pi2/9 Locus in Major Rice-Producing Areas of China by a Novel Indel Marker

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1932-1938
Author(s):  
Dagang Tian ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Ziqiang Chen ◽  
Zaijie Chen ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Indel Marker ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
The World

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae damages cereal crops and poses a high risk to rice production around the world. Currently, planting cultivars with resistance (R) genes is still the most environment-friendly approach to control this disease. Effective identification of R genes existing in diverse rice cultivars is important for understanding the distribution of R genes and predicting their contribution to resistance against blast isolates in regional breeding. Here, we developed a new insertion/deletion (InDel) marker, Pigm/2/9InDel, that can differentiate the cloned R genes (Pigm, Pi9, and Pi2/Piz-t) at the Pi2/9 locus. Pigm/2/9InDel combined with the marker Pi2-LRR for Pi2 was applied to determine the distribution of these four R genes among 905 rice varieties, most of which were collected from the major rice-producing regions in China. In brief, nine Pigm-containing varieties from Fujian and Guangdong provinces were identified. All of the 62 Pi2-containing varieties were collected from Guangdong, and 60 varieties containing Piz-t were from seven provinces. However, Pi9 was not found in any of the Chinese varieties. The newly identified varieties carrying the Pi2/9 alleles were further subjected to inoculation tests with regional blast isolates and field trials. Our results indicate that Pigm and Pi2 alleles have been introgressed for blast resistance breeding mainly in the Fujian and Guangdong region, and Pi9 is a valuable blast resistance resource to be introduced into China.

Genetic analyses of electrophoretic enzyme variants, mating type, and hermaphroditism in Pyricularia oryzae Cavara

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hei Leung ◽  
Paul H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Electrophoretic Variants ◽  
Variant Alleles

Pyricularia oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea) parasitizes a variety of gramineous hosts and causes the rice blast disease worldwide. Through matings among P. oryzae isolates from rice, finger millet, and weeping lovegrass the inheritance of electrophoretic variants of six enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), glycerate-2-dehydrogenase (G2DH), malate dehydrogenase-3 (MDH-3), lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH-1), and lactate dehydrogenase-3 (LDH-3) was determined. All six variants were under single gene control as determined by tetrad and random spore analysis. However, at Ldh-3 and Mdh-3, there were consistent excesses of variant alleles among ascospore segregants. Preliminary data on the genetic control of hermaphroditism suggested that maleness in two Japanese rice isolates might be due to a single gene mutation. Linkage analyses among the six electrophoretic markers, mating type, and hermaphroditism suggested loose linkage between Pgm and G2dh with a recombination frequencies of 43.0%.Key words: linkage, Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast fungus.

scholarly journals Pre-scaling up of improved finger millet (Kako-1) variety, at Weyira district, under Halaba zone in Ethiopian

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-301
Author(s):  
Debara Mekonen ◽  
Bekele Merkinel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Feedback Data ◽  
Extension Personnel

Pre-scaling up of improved finger millet variety (kako-1) was conducted in 2019/20 mehere season in Halaba Zone, two selected kebeles under Weyira District,southern Ethiopia under rain fed conditions through involvement of farmers in participatory demonstration. The demonstration was carried out with the specific objectives:to popularize and demonstrate improved Finger millet technology (Kako-1) and to collect farmers feedback on improved finger millet variety. The demonstration was conducted at layignawu Badana and kufe kebele on farmers field of Weyira Districts on 10ha land coverage totally 20 beneficiary farmers field .Site and beneficiary farmers selection criteria were conducted purposively by cooperating with woreda and kebele extension personnel by willingness to accept technology, land availability and accessibility of the area. Training was given by focusing on agronomic practices and awareness creation for all selected beneficiary farmers and concerned extension personnel. Also, all necessary inputs (10kg/h kako-1 seed,100kg/h NPSB and 150 kg /h Urea) were provided from Hawassa agricultural research center.Yield and farmers feedback data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics applying on SPSS software Accordingly, 2.7 tone/ha average mean grain yield was obtained. According to farmers’ feedback, the variety kako-1 has high tilling capacity, high grain yield, early maturity, high biomass yield and quality Therefore the variety need to extended to wide area.So, all concerned bodies need to work to facilitation of further extension of kako-1 variety for Halaba zone and other similar agro-ecological zones to improve finger millet production and productivity of smallholder farmers.

scholarly journals Identification of Blast Resistant Genotypes among Drought Tolerant Finger Millet in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
John Charles Aru ◽  
Nelson Wanyera ◽  
Patrick Okori ◽  
Paul Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Finger millet is an important food security crop among many subsistence farmers living in marginal and especially semi-arid regions of Eastern Africa. However, crop production is affected mainly by terminal drought and blast disease caused by fungus Pyricularia grisea. Both collectively lead to over 90% grain yield loss depending on environmental conditions, cropping systems and varietal differences. Therefore, resistance breakdown remains high owing to variability in the blast pathogen and weather conditions. Stable varieties should possess both blast resistance and drought. In order to initiate breeding for multiple resistance to blast on drought-tolerant background, a study was conducted to identify variability for blast resistance from adapted germplasm as an initial step in developing a breeding strategy for incorporating resistance. Thirty genotypes from drought-prone agro-ecologies and including mini core germplasm from NARO-NaSARRI national Finger Millet improvement programme were assessed. They were screened using a local virulent pathogen isolate (NGR1) from Ngora, representing Teso major farming system and is a hot spot for the blast. The screening was under controlled conditions from in Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute (MUARIK) in 2012b. The results showed significance (p<0.01) for Area Under Disease Progressive Curve (AUDPC). Subsequently, the study identified IE927, Seremi1, Seremi3, Sec220 and Kabale as highly resistant to foliar blast infection comparable to Gulu-E a standard broad-spectrum resistant check and they could be used to improve finger millet for blast resistance. Meanwhile DR33, IE9 and IE2576 as most susceptible compared to non-race -specific susceptible check E11 from Uganda.

scholarly journals Deciphering Genotype-By-Environment Interaction for Target Environmental Delineation and Identification of Stable Resistant Sources Against Foliar Blast Disease of Pearl Millet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mukesh Sankar ◽  
S. P. Singh ◽  
G. Prakash ◽  
C. Tara Satyavathi ◽  
S. L. Soumya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Desirability Index ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Once thought to be a minor disease, foliar blast disease of pearl millet, caused by Magnaporthe grisea, has recently emerged as an important biotic constraint for pearl millet production in India. The presence of a wider host range as well as high pathogenic heterogeneity complicates host–pathogen dynamics. Furthermore, environmental factors play a significant role in exacerbating the disease severity. An attempt was made to unravel the genotype-by-environment interactions for identification and validation of stable resistant genotypes against foliar blast disease through multi-environment testing. A diversity panel consisting of 250 accessions collected from over 20 different countries was screened under natural epiphytotic conditions in five environments. A total of 43 resistant genotypes were found to have high and stable resistance. Interestingly, most of the resistant lines were late maturing. Combined ANOVA of these 250 genotypes exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction and indicated the involvement of crossover interaction with a consistent genotypic response. This justifies the necessity of multi-year and multi-location testing. The first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 44.85 and 29.22% of the total variance in the environment-centered blast scoring results. Heritability-adjusted genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (HA-GGE) biplot aptly identified “IP 11353” and “IP 22423, IP 7910 and IP 7941” as “ideal” and “desirable” genotypes, respectively, having stable resistance and genetic buffering capacity against this disease. Bootstrapping at a 95% confidence interval validated the recommendations of genotypes. Therefore, these genotypes can be used in future resistance breeding programs in pearl millet. Mega-environment delineation and desirability index suggested Jaipur as the ideal environment for precise testing of material against the disease and will increase proper resource optimization in future breeding programs. Information obtained in current study will be further used for genome-wide association mapping of foliar blast disease in pearl millet.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphisms among and between blast disease resistant and susceptible finger millet, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipnarayan Saha ◽  
Rajeev Singh Rana ◽  
Lalit Arya ◽  
Manjusha Verma ◽  
M. V. Channabyre Gowda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Group Method ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Ssr Primers

AbstractFungal blast disease is one of the major constraints in finger millet production. Breeding for disease resistance in finger millet, needs characterization of genetic polymorphism among and between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. In total, 67 finger millet genotypes, which are resistant or susceptible to fungal blast disease, were analysed using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess genetic variations and select diverse parents. Twelve each of SRAP and SSR primers produced 95.1 and 93.1% polymorphic bands and grouped them into unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average clusters. Two of the finger millet genotypes, IE 4709 (blast resistant) and INDAF 7 (susceptible) were distinguished as most diverse genotypes as parents. Several genotype-specific bands observed with SSR primers are potential in developing genotype-specific markers. A high genetic diversity within the resistant and susceptible genotypes, rather than between them, was revealed through Nei's gene diversity (h) index and analysis of molecular variance. The finding helps us to understand the extent of genetic polymorphism between blast disease resistant and susceptible finger millet genotypes to exploit in resistance breeding programs.

scholarly journals Two novel gene-specific markers at pik locus facilitate the application of rice blast resistant alleles in breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagang Tian ◽  
Ziqiang Chen ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Zaijie Chen ◽  
Jiami Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
New Gene

Abstract Background: Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major constraint for rice production in the world. Introgression of blast-durable resistance genes into high-yielding rice cultivars has been considered an agricultural priority in an effort to control the disease. The blast resistance Pik locus, located on chromosome 11, contains at least six important resistance genes, but these genes have not been widely employed in resistance breeding since existing markers hardly satisfy current breeding needs owing to their limited scope of application.Results: In the present study, two PCR-based markers, Pikp-Del and Pi1-In, were developed to target the specific InDel (insertion/deletion) of the Pik-p and Pi-1 genes, respectively. The two markers precisely distinguished Pik-p, Pi-1, and the K-type alleles at the Pik locus, which is a necessary element for functional genes from rice varieties. Conclusions:Two gene-specific markers of Pi-kp and Pi1 identified that only several old varieties contain the two genes, nearly half these varieties yet carry the K-type alleles. Therefore, these identified varieties can be new gene sources for developing blast resistant rice. The two newly developed markers should be highly useful for using Pi-kp, Pi1 and other resistance genes at the Pik locus in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs.

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