scholarly journals Effects of Different Potato Cropping System Approaches and Water Management on Soilborne Diseases and Soil Microbial Communities

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin ◽  
C. Wayne Honeycutt ◽  
Timothy S. Griffin ◽  
O. Modesto Olanya ◽  
John M. Halloran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Scab ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Black Scurf ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
System Approaches

Four different potato cropping systems, designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement, disease suppression, and a status quo standard rotation control, were evaluated for their effects on soilborne diseases of potato and soil microbial community characteristics. The status quo system (SQ) consisted of barley underseeded with red clover followed by potato (2-year). The soil-conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3-year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). The soil-improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to the SC rotation, and the disease-suppressive system (DS) featured diverse crops with known disease-suppressive capability (3-year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Each system was also compared with a continuous potato control (PP) and evaluated under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Data collected over three potato seasons following full rotation cycles demonstrated that all rotations reduced stem canker (10 to 50%) relative to PP. The SQ, SC, and DS systems reduced black scurf (18 to 58%) relative to PP; SI reduced scurf under nonirrigated but not irrigated conditions; and scurf was lower in DS than all other systems. The SQ, SC, and DS systems also reduced common scab (15 to 45%), and scab was lower in DS than all other systems. Irrigation increased black scurf and common scab but also resulted in higher yields for most rotations. SI produced the highest yields under nonirrigated conditions, and DS produced high yields and low disease under both irrigation regimes. Each cropping system resulted in distinctive changes in soil microbial community characteristics as represented by microbial populations, substrate utilization, and fatty acid methyl-ester (FAME) profiles. SI tended to increase soil moisture, microbial populations, and activity, as well result in higher proportions of monounsaturated FAMEs and the FAME biomarker for mycorrhizae (16:1 ω6c) relative to most other rotations. DS resulted in moderate microbial populations and activity but higher substrate richness and diversity in substrate utilization profiles. DS also resulted in relatively higher proportions of FAME biomarkers for fungi (18:2 ω6c), actinomycetes, and gram-positive bacteria than most other systems, whereas PP resulted in the lowest microbial populations and activity; substrate richness and diversity; proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAME classes; and fungal, mycorrhizae, and actinomycete FAME biomarkers of all cropping systems. Overall, soil water, soil quality, and soilborne diseases were all important factors affecting productivity, and cropping systems addressing these constraints improved production. Cropping system approaches will need to balance these factors to achieve sustainable production and disease management.

scholarly journals Use and Effects of Different Brassica and Other Rotation Crops on Soilborne Diseases and Yield of Potato †

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Larkin ◽  
Ryan Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Common Scab ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Black Scurf ◽  
Powdery Scab ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Rotation Crops ◽  
Rotation Crop

Soilborne diseases are persistent problems in potato production, resulting in reductions in tuber quality and yield. Brassica rotation crops may reduce soilborne potato diseases, but how to best utilize Brassica crops in potato cropping systems has not been established. In this research, two two-year trials were established at three different sites with histories of soilborne diseases, and up to six different Brassica crops (canola, winter rapeseed, yellow and brown condiment mustards, oriental mustard, oilseed radish, and a mustard blend) and standard rotation crops (ryegrass and buckwheat) were evaluated as rotation and green manure crops. Tuber yield did not vary substantially among the rotation crops, but rotation treatments significantly affected incidence and severity of soilborne diseases at all sites. However, results were variable among sites and years. Perennial ryegrass and mustard blend rotations reduced powdery scab disease by 31–55% relative to other rotations in the only field where powdery scab was a serious problem. Mustard blend, ryegrass, and other Brassica rotations also reduced common scab, silver scurf, and black scurf at various sites, but not consistently at all sites. At one site, mustard blend and barley/ryegrass rotations reduced black scurf (by 21–58%) and common scab (by 13–34%) relative to no rotation. Overall, disease control was not correlated with biofumigation potential or rotation crop biomass production. Although both Brassica and non-Brassica rotations provided disease reduction in potato cropping systems, no single rotation crop performed consistently better than several others.

Soil microbiota effects on rye growth: implications for integration of a rye cover crop into temperate cropping systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L. De Bruin ◽  
Nicholas R. Jordan ◽  
Paul M. Porter ◽  
Sheri C. Huerd
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Final Harvest

AbstractIntegration of rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops into the corn (Zea mays L.) soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation of the upper Midwest USA can provide many agronomic and agroecological benefits. Integration is made difficult by short growing seasons, but may be facilitated by management of key agroecological interactions such as those between rye and soil microbiota. Rye growth was measured and colonization by arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined in greenhouse experiments using soils from seven different management systems from a long-term cropping-systems experiment in southwest Minnesota. Microbial effects on rye growth were not evident before vernalization, but at final harvest (4 weeks after vernalization) soil microbial populations reduced rye shoot and root growth, relative to a pasteurized control inoculum. At final harvest, shoot biomass in 2-year rotations was 17% greater than 4-year rotations, indicating that microbial populations selected for by 4-year rotations may be more deleterious or pathogenic than those selected for by 2-year rotations. Growth of three rye cultivars was examined in all inocula; cultivars differed in their mean response to soil microbiota and their ability to host AMF. These findings suggest that management factors affect interactions between rye and soil microbiota resulting in altered rye growth.

Soil P, Arbuscular mycorrhizal spore count and root colonization of cowpea in biochar amended soils under maize/cowpea cropping systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeyinwa Monica Uzoh ◽  
Chukwuebuka Christopher Okolo ◽  
Akudo Ogechukwu Onunwa ◽  
Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Spore Count ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Biochar Soil Amendment ◽  
Amended Soil

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Cowpea, a food and nutrition security crop is being threatened by decline in soil fertility especially in small holder farmstead. The natural arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil could improve its ability to acquire and retain nutrients thereby leading to higher yield. This irrigated field research was conducted to determine the effect of biochar rates and cropping systems on selected soil chemical properties, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), nitrogen (SMBN), phosphorus (SMBP), and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) spore count and mycorrhizal fungi colonization (AMF) of cowpea. Experimental design was 3 x 3 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Factor A was three cropping systems; sole cowpea, intercropping and intra-cropping, while factor B was three biochar rates; control (biochar at 0 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (B<sub>0</sub>)), biochar at 2.5 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>(B<sub>1</sub>) and biochar at 5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (B<sub>2</sub>). These were replicated in three blocks to constitute 27 plots. The entire plot was cleared, ploughed and demarcated into beds with hoes and diggers. Cowpea sole or inter- or intra- cropped with maize were planted in a spacing distance of 25cm by 75cm, with intercropped cowpea being in-between the interrow spacing (75 cm), while the intracropped cowpeas was planted between the intrarow spacing (25 cm). Biochar soil amendment were applied two weeks after planting by making a groove in-between the rows in the soil and covering them with soil. The result showed that biochar soil amendment and interaction of biochar with cropping system significantly (p<0.05) affected SMBN, SMBC, total  VAM spore count and AMF colonization by cowpea, whereas cropping system significantly affected only total VAM spore count and AMF colonization by cowpea. B<sub>2</sub> amended soil had the highest SMBC content (0.028 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) while the least was from control plot (0.021 mg kg <sup>-1</sup>), SMBN was highest in B<sub>1 </sub>amended soil (0.004 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), followed by control plot (0.002 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). Control had higher AMF and total VAM spore count while biochar amended soil had higher soil microbial properties. Considering the cropping systems, inter and intra-cropping had higher microbial biomass and total VAM spore count than sole cowpea whereas sole cowpea had higher AMF infection of cowpea than the intercropped cowpea. Biochar at 5 tha<sup>-1</sup> had the highest available P. Generally, this study showed superiority of the interaction of biochar with cropping systems over sole cropping in the improvement of soil properties in degraded soils of North-West province of South Africa.</p><p>Key words: Cropping systems; Chromic Luvisol; Microbial properties; Soil fertility; Soil amendment</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Different 3-Year Cropping Systems on Soil Microbial Communities and Rhizoctonia Diseases of Potato

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin ◽  
C. Wayne Honeycutt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Potato Crops

Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 ω5c, 16:1 ω7c, 18:1 ω9c, and 18:2ω6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity.

scholarly journals Cropping systems that improve richness convey greater resistance and resilience to soil fungal, relative to prokaryote, communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Finn ◽  
S. Lee ◽  
A. Lanzén ◽  
M. Bertrand ◽  
G.W. Nicol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
The Stability

AbstractResistance is the capacity for a community to remain unchanged, and resilience the capacity to return to an original state, in response to disturbance. Increasing species richness may increase both dynamics. In a long-term agricultural field experiment incorporating conventional (CON), conservation (CA), organic (ORG) and integrated (INT) cropping systems, the effects of crop harvest and fallow period on the disturbance of prokaryote, fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities were investigated. Prokaryote community structure shifted over the growing season, forming distinct saprotroph- and rhizosphere-dominated communities, and composition was primarily affected by time than cropping system. Species-rich prokaryotes demonstrated the highest resistance/resilience. Cropping system was more important for fungal communities, with resistance highest under CA. CON was particularly detrimental to AMF resistance and resilience. Prokaryote plant-growth promoters and saprotrophs, but not ammonia oxidisers and methylotrophs, were stable functional groups. Cosmopolitan soil fungal genera were stable, but most were not. Glomus AMF were stable, while most other genera were most stable under CA and ORG. These results demonstrate that practices promoting richness increase the stability of soil microbial communities in response to crop removal after harvest, with this effect being more pronounced in fungal (and AMF) communities.

scholarly journals Rotation and Cover Crop Effects on Soilborne Potato Diseases, Tuber Yield, and Soil Microbial Communities

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1491-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin ◽  
Timothy S. Griffin ◽  
C. Wayne Honeycutt
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Common Scab ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Black Scurf ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Soil Microbial

Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997–2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.

Soil organic matter and its active pools as affected by legume/cereal cropping systems under some agronomic practices in the derived savannah zone of Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Uzor I.M. ◽  
Ezepue G.U.C.
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Spore Count ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Set Up

Introduction of grain legumes facilitates farmers’ acceptance in adopting legume cropping system. This study evaluated effect of four cropping systems on soil organic carbon (SOC), total vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) spore count, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) within two locations (Nsukka and Moniya) of the derived savannah zone of Nigeria. The experiment was set up in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD), represent- ing 4 cropping systems, 2 fertilizer application rates (0 and 60 kg N ha-1) and 2 residue management methods (incorporated and not-incorporated). This set-up was replicated three times and the experiment was repeated the following year (2008 and 2009). At the end of the experiment, soil samples for laboratory analy- ses were collected from 0 – 20 cm soil depth using auger. The result showed that SOC was not significantly (p≤0.05) affected by all factors and their interaction at both locations. In Nsukka, cropping systems and their interaction with residue management significantly (p≤0.05) affected SMBP and total VAM spore count. Continuous maize had the highest total VAM spore count (280), which was sta- tistically the same with cowpea/maize rotation (277). Soybean/maize cropping system had the least value (259). Velvet bean/maize cropping system had the highest SMBP (0.0007 mg g-1). In Moniya, SMBC, SMBN and SMBP were sig- nificantly (p≤0.05) affected by the cropping systems with velvet bean/maize plots having highest values (0.053, 0.006, 0.0007 mg g-1). Residue incorporation and fertilizer application (60 kg ha-1) significantly (p≤0.05) increased SMBC and SMBN at Moniya. Interaction between cropping systems and residue manage- ments at this location also significantly affected SMBC, SMBP and SMBC. In this study, SMBP distinguished the effect of the factors on soil quality better than the other measured parameters. Velvet bean-based cropping system improved soil microbial properties better than other cropping systems.

Nitrate Leaching to a Shallow Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer as Influenced by Conventional No-Till and Low-Input Sustainable Grain Production Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Craig ◽  
R. R. Weil
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Low Input ◽  
No Till

In December, 1987, the states in the Chesapeake Bay region, along with the federal government, signed an agreement which called for a 40% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to the Bay by the year 2000. To accomplish this goal, major reductions in nutrient loadings associated with agricultural management practices were deemed necessary. The objective of this study was to determine if reducing fertilizer inputs to the NT system would result in a reduction in nitrogen contamination of groundwater. In this study, groundwater, soil, and percolate samples were collected from two cropping systems. The first system was a conventional no-till (NT) grain production system with a two-year rotation of corn/winter wheat/double crop soybean. The second system, denoted low-input sustainable agriculture (LISA), produced the same crops using a winter legume and relay-cropped soybeans into standing wheat to reduce nitrogen and herbicide inputs. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in groundwater were significantly lower under the LISA system. Over 80% of the NT groundwater samples had NO3-N concentrations greater than 10 mgl-1, compared to only 4% for the LISA cropping system. Significantly lower soil mineral N to a depth of 180 cm was also observed. The NT soil had nearly twice as much mineral N present in the 90-180 cm portion than the LISA cropping system.

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