Effect of main cultivation methods in dry rainfed conditions on the amount of weed under winter wheat

Relevance. Against the background of predecessors, soil cultivation and nutritional conditions, weeding of the area under Barakatli 95 durum wheat variety was studied and the results obtained are given in the article. Thus, high weeds in the field reduce the quantity and quality of crops. One of the main factors preventing this is the application of proper cultivation methods appropriate to the region. This is one of the most important and urgent issues in agriculture.Methodology. The research was conducted in a 3-factor (2×3×3) field experiment in a short-rotation crop rotation (pea-wheat-wheat) located at the Jalilabad Regional Experimental Station in the rainfed conditions of South Mugan. The amount of weeds in the field was studied in the first decade of March and April by counting weeds per 1 m2 from different parts of the field according to the options.Results. The results of the 3-year study (average for 2019–2021) showed that the effect of predecessors, soil cultivation and nutritional conditions on the amount of weeds under winter wheat was different. Among the cultivation options, relatively high weeding soil was obtained with a heavy disc harrow at a depth of 10–12 cm in the form of 1 disc, and against the background of feeding conditions, N60P60 + 10 tons of manure on all three cultivations, and the least weeding was observed in the variant where N90P60K45 fertilizer norm was applied in 2 discs at a depth of 10–12 cm with a heavy disk trowel after the pea predecessor.

History of organic development and implementation Agricultural production

Leaders of the agro-industrial complex of various forms of economic ownership must remember that the Earth is the main bioresource of mankind. Industrial, biological (organic) and ecological systems of agriculture are now introduced. The first in this list is used for 90 % of arable land. As the agricultural sector cannot immediately abandon the industrial system of agriculture, softened options for its biological direction must be developed.The information on development and introduction of systems of organic production in agro-industrial production which was formed in the world and in Ukraine during the last decades is generalized. The dependence of the distribution of organic production on the development of productive forces and production relations is revealed.The organization of ecologically balanced crop rotations with optimal saturation, ratio and location of crops should be soil-ecological approach, which combines all biological factors of agriculture and aims to ensure the rational use of land resources, soil protection and the environment.The structure of short-rotation crop rotations with 100 % saturation with grain crops (winter-wheat peas-corn for spring-barley grain) with the use of organic fertilization systems in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe was developed, and the study of 3 fundamentally new models was developed and started. crop rotations with saturation of cereals, cereals and legumes (soybean-spring wheat-buckwheat; soybean-spring-wheat millet), which under different fertilizer systems (by-products of predecessors, green manures, biofertilizers and their complexes) will provide a sufficiently high yield of ecological high quality grains will contribute to the gradual growth of natural fertility of chernozems of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.The studied short-rotation crop rotations in the conditions of climate change will ensure the yield of high-quality ecological grain at the level of 3.5-4.5 t/ha of crop rotation area.

Accurate technologies of agricultural crops cultivation for organic farming

The article presents the results of many years of experiments on the development of energy-saving farming systems. Preference in crop rotations should be given to multi-depth combined treatments that provide high productivity and are characterized by high-energy efficiency. Data on the yield of grain and leguminous crops in a six-field grain crop rotation with constant dump and combined longline tillage shows that the yield of oats in the first year of rotation according to the experimental variants was the same and amounted to 3.60 t/ha. In the second year of winter wheat yield in the variant with longline tillage was by 0.20 t/ha more in comparison with a plow on row, in the third year the difference in yield of spring barley on options for primary processing amounted to 0.30 t/ha in favor of combined tiered processing, in the fourth year the yield of peas has also been found to 0.40 t/ha more, also on the option of combined longline processing in the fifth year of the rotation crop of winter triticale. The yield of oats was 0.30 t/ha higher, and in the sixth year the yield of oats was 0.40 t/ha higher on the variant of combined longline processing.

Productivity of Short-Rotary Crop Cultivation under Different Systems of Basic Tillage in Organic Agriculture of the Steppe of Ukraine

Long-term reform of the agricultural sector in Ukraine is taking place under difficult economic and natural conditions. In modern agriculture, the most relevant ones are biologized measures and technologies for growing crops and resource- and energy-economic restoration of soil fertility. Studies of the impact of the system of basic tillage and the use of straw bio-decomposers and postharvest residues in organic farming were conducted in the most common and typical for the southern region of the steppe of Ukraine short- rotation crop cultivation with the following alternation of crops: peas – winter wheat – winter barley – ½ sunflower fields + ½ corn fields. During the years of the first cultivation, the experiment showed the advantages of a system of differentiated tillage, where even without the use of bio-decomposers, the highest yield of cereals was obtained – 3.64 tons/ha and sunflower – 2.20 tons/ha (check experiment). The application of the planar-free system combined with multi-depth and especially planar-free shallow soil processing, main tillage caused a decrease in grain yields by 0.11-0.39 tons/ha and sunflower by 0.28-0.42 tons/ha, respectively. With the use of bio-decomposers provided by brands Ecostern and Cellulad, yields’ growth is in the range of 0.13-0.25 t/ha or 4.5-8.7% for cereals and 0.10-0.23 t/ha or 5.4-12.4% for sunflower. The application of the Ecostern bio-decomposer 1.5 l/ha provided an increase in the yield from 1 ha of crop rotation area of grain, fodder, fodder-protein units and digestible protein on average in all systems of basic tillage by 4.7, respectively; 4.5; 4.3 and 5.4%, and with the introduction of Cellulad 2.0 l/ha, these figures increased by 9.5, respectively; 8.9; 8.6 and 10.8% compared to options without the introduction of bio-decomposers

A comprehensive approach to modern aspects in sunflower selection

According to scientists of the NAAS network, the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids of Ukrainian selection is used in production by no more than 30%. Due to the reduction of the rotation period in crop rotation, crop losses from diseases increased from 10-15% to 35%, and in some favorable years for the development of diseases, losses only from rot are 70% or more. Phytopathological studies were performed on a stationary artificial infectious background of the Institute of Oilseeds NAAS during 2017-2020. We studied the biological resistance to major fungal diseases of new promising lines and hybrids of sunflower breeding institutions of NAAS (Institute of Plant Breeding Yur`eva). Synthetic artificial infectious background was formed during 16 years with forced introduction of infection during sowing of selection genotypes of sunflower. To assess the resistance of sunflower varieties to dry rot and embelization, the infectious background began to be created in 2012. Infectious material was developed in the immunity laboratory of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS by increasing pure cultures by the method of V.Y. White Assessment of resistance of sunflower to a number of diseases in the field was carried out according to the method of VP Mistletoe. Sowing was carried out with a seeding rate of 55 thousand / ha. According to the results of field and laboratory studies, sunflower lines and hybrids were identified, which were characterized by the duration of the growing season of the phase "seedlings-physiological maturity" in hybrids 95-110 days, in lines 85-105 days. The selected linear samples had a yield higher than the linear standard (ZL42 with a yield of 0.97 t/ha), and the studied sterile lines had a yield from 1.76 (+0.79) to 1.96 (+0.99) t/ha. Pollen fertility restorer lines had a yield at the level of 0.36 (-0.05) - 0.55 (+0.14) t/ha, when forming the yield of the control line ZL260V - 0.41 t / ha. Created hybrids based on these lines (parental components) formed a yield: Firstborn 3.34 t / ha, Tour - 3.80 t / ha, which is higher than the control hybrid Darius from 0.4 to 0.86 t / ha, respectively. The weight of 1000 seeds of sterile analogues varied in the range of 55.2 g - 56.4 g. In the lines of pollen fertility restorers in the range of 29.4-35.0 g. In the presented hybrids, the average weight of 1000 seeds was in the range of 57.0-60,1 g, while the standard Darius formed a mass of 1000 seeds within 49.0 g. The selected samples had a high percentage of fat accumulation in the seeds. This figure ranged from 49.76 (ZL96A) to 51.12% (ZL72A) among sterile analogues, while the standard sample ZL42A had an oil content of 49.26%. New selected sunflower hybrids were marked by fat content in seeds at the level of 51.88 (Prize) and 52.12% (Firstborn), while the hybrid - standard Darius also had a fairly high level of oil content, namely 48.13%. The presented lines and their hybrid combinations for the study period (2017-2020) combined relatively high resistance to powdery mildew, dry rot, embelisation and high economic performance. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment, a number of hybrids were identified. Among them are Tour, Prize and Firstborn. With such indicators, the presented hybrids are able to compete with dignity in the sunflower seed market.

A Niche for Cowpea in Sub-Tropical Australia?

Pulses have emerged as important rotation crops in Australia. Some are in demand in agricultural production systems due to their high potential market value, because of their roles as grain or forage crops, their nitrogen fixation capability, and because they provide a disease break or improve soil health. While several pulse crops have been identified for winter-season cropping, there are few adapted legumes apart from mungbean that are appropriate for dryland summer cropping. Currently, short-duration crops of mungbean are commonly used, but yields are highly variable and susceptible to drought. Here, we propose that cowpea has the potential to become an alternative rotation crop in dryland summer cropping zones, providing a competitive and profitable alternative pulse crop option where its drought tolerance could enable better performance under inconsistent in-crop rainfall. We demonstrate that cowpea has nutritional properties and putative uses that could prove valuable in emerging plant-based protein and aquaculture markets.

Monitoring the number of trips on open-ground tomatoes

The agroclimatic resources of the Astrakhan region are quite large and represent huge opportunities in the production of heat-loving crops such as vegetables and melons. The region has accumulated a great scientific and production experience in the cultivation of tomatoes as the main vegetable crop rotation crop. To date, the first task for farmers of the region is to develop new modern agrotechnological techniques to eliminate the spread of thrips on open-ground tomato plants. The object of research was a hybrid of tomato of the domestic selection of the agricultural company Sedek Azhur F1. Materials and methods. For the first time, for the conditions of light chestnut soils on the land use territory of FSBNU “Caspian Agrarian Scientific Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” during 20182020. the influence of various insecticides in the fight against tripasmi was studied. As a result of the analysis, the presented scientific article presents the main results for the study of new modern insecticides in the fight against trypses on open-ground tomato Azhur F1. According to the results of three years of study, the optimal option with the use of the drug Confidor Extra was revealed, which contributes to a significant decrease in the number of phytophages. The use of these preparations had no phytotoxic effect on open-ground tomato plants. In the version using the insecticide Confidor Extra, there was more purely commercial fruits and a significant increase in the crop relative to control without treatments, as well as a variant where the Fufanon-Nova preparation was used. The increase relative to control in the high-yield version was + 40.8 t/ha or 43.5%.

Decision support systems in integrated nematode management: the need for a holistic approach.

Farmers' decisions regarding the best approach to take in managing a nematode problem are often made just before the planting season begins and then at different stages in crop growth. In many cases an integrated nematode management (INM) system with multiple components is not considered due to lack of knowledge of the severity of the nematode problem, or the absence of an acceptable management tool such as a suitable resistant or tolerant cultivar, an appropriate non-host rotation crop or a suitable biocide for the situation. Seldom, if ever, are data on nematode population densities and distribution patterns across a field taken into consideration in the decision making process. This haphazard approach to INM is comparable to what could be called a 'take a chance' or 'shot in the dark' tactic which often results from the absence of effective decision support tools (DST) or decision support systems (DSS). This chapter discusses presently available information on different forms of DST and DSS as well as the developments that are required to streamline and improve INM.