Morphological and behavioural features of bark beetles of the tribe Scolytini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) associated with fungi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Петров
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Specialization ◽  
Anterior Plate ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Food Substrate

Подсемейство Scolytinae объединяет около 6000 видов жуков, отличающихся друг от друга размерами, формой тела, поведением и пищевой специализацией. Цель исследования – выявление особенностей морфологии и поведения жуков из разных родов трибы Scolytini, связанных с особенностями питания, – флео-ксилофагов и ксиломицетофагов. Существенные различия проявляются в поведении флео-ксилофагов и ксиломицетофагов при прохождении дополнительного питания жуками и заселении кормового растения. Различия наблюдаются в характере построения маточных ходов ксиломицетофагов и флео-ксилофагов и в питании личинок. Ходы ксило-мицетофагов выгрызаются в древесине перпендикулярно поверхности коры. Ксиломицетофаги переносят споры грибов, производят «посев» микобиоты в «личиночных нишах». Личинки Camptocerus грызут ткани древесины, расширяя личиночные ниши и питаются мицелием грибов. Молодые жуки покидают ходы через входное отверстие родителей. Личинки флео-ксилофагов питаются тканями луба, камбия и древесины. Завершив развитие, молодые жуки покидают ходы через «вылётные отверстия». С особенностями поведения и питания потомства связаны морфологические особенности жуков. У ксиломицетофагов возникают микангии – органы переноса микобиоты. Провентрикулус ксиломицетофагов более вытянут в длину. Передняя мембрана у ксиломицетофагов рода Camptocerus вооружена склеротизованными зубцевидными бугорками. Строение провентрикулуса флео-ксилофагов Scolytus отличается удлиненными ланцетовидными пластинами на задней мембране, направленными к центру провентрикулюса. Передняя мембрана провентрикулюса Scolytus вооружена многочисленными мелкими заостренными бугорками. Mорфология провентрикулюса флео-ксилофагов родов Ceratolepis, Cnemonyx, Loganius близка к Camptocerus. Строение провентрикулюса Scolytopsis схоже со Scolytus. The subfamily Scolytinae includes about 6000 species of beetles, varying in size, shape of the body, behavior and trophic specialization. The objective of this research is the study of features of morphology and behavior of beetles from different genera of the tribe Scolytini associated with of type of feeding habits: phleophagy and xylophagy and xylomycetophagy (ambrosia beetles). Important differences are seen in behavior of phleophagous-xylophagous and xylomycetophagous group during additional feeding and colonizations of host trees. Significant differences are observed in the building of egg galleries by ambrosia beetles and in feeding of larvae. Galleries of ambrosia beetles are excavated into sapwood and perpendicular to the bark of the host tree. Ambrosia beetles transport innoculum of fungi, cultivating «crops» of the mycobiota. Larvae expand the egg niche into a larval cradle, consuming wood and feeding upon fungi. Emerged imagos of ambrosia beetles leave the galleries through entrance tunnel of parents. Larvae of phloeo-xylophagous group eat phloem, cambium and sapwood. Having finished development, young beetles leave the courses through self-made flight-holes. The behavior and food substrate of larvae of beetles define morphological features of phloeophagy, xylophagy and xylomycetophagy groups. Adult ambrosia beetles have mycangia – structures for transfer of the mycobiota. The proventriculus of xylomycetophagous beetles from genus Сamptocerus is more extended in length. The anterior plate of proventriculus in Camptocerus is armed with big tubercles. The structure of the proventriculus of phloeo-xylophagous genus Scolytus differs in the extended apical laminate teeth on the posterior plate directed to the center of the proventriculus. The anterior plate is armed with numerous small pointed tubercles. The morphology of the proventriculus of phoeo-xylophagous genera Ceratolepis, Cnemonyx, Loganius is similar to that of Camptocerus. The morphology of the proventriculus of Scolytopsis is similar to that of Scolytus.

scholarly journals Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy C. Ploetz ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Z. Wilhelm de Beer
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Black Swan ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Tree Diseases ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
New Information

Diseases associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales, and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles) and Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease, have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood. In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood. The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in this article. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called “naïve” or “new encounter” host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles. For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle–associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered “black swan events”. Black swan developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information. Today, Black Swan Theory focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence.

scholarly journals Estadios ninfales de Amnestus rugosus (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jezabel Báez Santacruz ◽  
María Cristina Mayorga Martínez
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
First Record ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
And Behavior

In Mexico there are 29 species of Amnestus, of which six species are from Veracruz. The morphological features and illustrations of immature stages of A. rugosus are presented. Notes about the biology and behavior were included. The nymphal and adult stages of A. rugosus were found in remnants of riparian vegetation of the mesophilous forest in La Antigua river basin, Veracruz, Mexico. Twelve sites in five localities were selected and the specimens were sampled in rainy (July) and dry (April) seasons of 2012. The samples were processed in Berlese-Tullgren funnel and Winkler. A total of 419 individuals, 320 adults and 99 nymphs of A. rugosus were revised. The size and coloration of the body and punctuation patterns the immature stages of A. rugosus, A. ficus, and A. morelensis are the main differences among these species. A. rugosus is a first record from Veracruz.

scholarly journals Emergence ecology of the critically endangered Urothemis edwardsii in a new colonized site in El Kala National Park (Algeria): conservation implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Baaloudj Affef
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dragonfly Species

Urothemis edwardsii is one of the most threatened dragonfly species in the Mediterranean. Recent investigations and conservation efforts have increased the local geographic distribution of the species in Northeast Algeria, where a new population (named El Graeate) has been discovered. In the absence of information about the biology and behavior of U. edwardsii in this new site, a study was conducted on the emergence ecology of the species taking into account the temporal pattern of emergence, sex ratio, body size and microhabitat selection. Emergence, which was quite asynchronous, lasted for 50 days, with 50% of the population emerging within the first half of the period. Sex ratio at emergence was slightly female biased despite the absence of sexual size dimorphism, suggesting that size is not the only driving force behind mortality bias during the larval stage. There was a slight seasonal increase in the body size of exuviae (exoskeletons) in both sexes. Microhabitat selection, assessed as the vertical stratification of exuviae at ecdysis, was positively correlated with the height of supporting plants, but the relationship reached a plateau suggesting that there are predetermined limits to the vertical distribution of exuviae. These data will be essential for the future species protection, restoration and management attempts in the region.

scholarly journals alienated human

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Nguyen Anh Quoc ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Anh Thuong ◽  
Dinh The Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Van Bung
Keyword(s):  
Spare Parts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Behavior

Man and nature is a unity between body and individual in behavior. Humans are liberty, creative, happy subjects in behavior and labor. By behavior and labor, humans produce tools, spare parts, machines, and robots to replace internal organs, lengthen the senses, and lengthen defective body parts. Evolution is no longer a mutation in the body but the assembly of accessories into organs, senses, and body parts when needed. People use devices that are manufactured to be used for what people want depending on specific conditions and circumstances. Labor and behavior make objectification of people, but alienated behavior and alienated labor make humanize the object. The time to enjoy liberty, creativity, and happiness is human, and the time to perform alienated behavior and alienated labor is the time to live for the non-human. People are corrupted into slavery to standards, money. It is the process of self-torture, torturing oneself; and the nobility of standards, the wealth of money is the unhappy product of life. Humans are liberty, creative and happy subjects; alienated human beings are all helpless, unhappy, deceit. Money, standards are products of helplessness, unhappiness, lies. Standards, money remove people from life.

scholarly journals Morphological Features Of The Immune Structures Of The Thin Intestine Of Laboratory Animals With Various Characters Of Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
Khusanov Erkin ◽  
Ortikbaeva Nilufar ◽  
Korzhavov Sherali
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Digestive Tube

The nutritional nature of mammals, which has developed during a long evolution, leads to adaptive - morphological changes in their digestive tract and its immune structures, although the general laws of their structural organization are identical. The literature has data on the study of the immune structures of the small intestine under normal conditions and under the influence of certain factors. In the structure of immune structures there are numerous parallelisms, however, in each class of vertebrates, complication of this organization is achieved independently. The small intestine is an important section of the digestive tube, where the final chemical processing of the chyme and the absorption of nutrients into the body take place. However, the comparative morphology of the immune structures of the small intestine in mammals with different nutrition patterns remains poorly understood.

scholarly journals Feeding and ecomorphology of three clupeoids in the N Aegean Sea

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. KARACHLE ◽  
K. I. STERGIOU
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Level ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Mouth Area ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Sardina Pilchardus ◽  
Intestine Length ◽  
Sardinella Aurita ◽  
The Individual

The present study examines the feeding habits of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and round sardinella (Sardinella aurita). The results are combined with previously published information on feeding-related morphological features (i.e. mouth area, intestine length and tail area) in order to explore morphological affinities between species and the effect of ecomorphology on their co-existence. These species were mainly zooplanktivorous and no dietary differences were found with sex and season. Anchovy preyed mainly on Crustacea larvae, whereas sardine and round sardinella on Copepoda. In the majority of cases (>90%), the individual fractional trophic level of all species ranged between 3.0 and 3.5, classifying them as omnivores with preference to animals. The feeding-related morphological features differed between anchovy and the two other species, whereas only intestine length differed between sardine and round sardinella. The fact that round sardinella’s diet and morphology show a greater resemblance to those of sardine, further support the hypothesis that is a particulate feeder as sardine. Hence the three species tend to exploit the same food resources differently throughout the year. Thus, they make best use of the environment and its resources, in order to avoid competition and achieve optimum feeding conditions throughout their life cycles

scholarly journals Significance of Diet and Behavior During Pandemic Situation According to Ayurveda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Sawarkar ◽  
Punam Sawarkar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
Entire Cosmos ◽  
Prevention And Cure ◽  
And Behavior

Ayurveda is the oldest science of health care, explaining both the perspectives, i.e., prevention and cure of diseases. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda explore life’s philosophy, including the entire cosmos having five significant elements (Akash, Vayu, Agni, Jala, and Prithvi) establishing the Prakruti, i.e., a unique combination of physiological and psychological characteristics in a human being. In Ayurveda, Ahara (Diet), and Vihar (Exercise/Movements), fundamental pillars are thoroughly explained according to a specific Prakruti, which denotes personalized medicine in the present era. Diet is the essential factor that comprises the five significant elements with six rasas (Sweet, Sour, Saline, Pungent, Bitter, Astringent). Each Rasa has its specific nutritional properties helpful for the maintenance of health. Moreover, it also prevents diseases and plays a vital role in the restoration of health from disease conditions. The appropriate diet plan is essential in the pandemic situation because the digestive power (Agni) becomes hampered due to faulty lifestyle and unwholesome food habits that result in vitiation of three bio-humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) in the body. According to Ayurveda’s basic principles, weakened digestive power is the main culprit for forming various diseases. Therefore, it is highly imperative to select a suitable diet and behavioral regimes during pandemic situations.

Memoirs: The Neuro-Muscular Mechanism of the Gill of Pecten

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 365-392
Author(s):  
S. B. SETNA
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Branchial Nerve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experimental. 1. The contraction of the adductor-muscle which follows stimulation of the palial nerve is preceded by a marked contraction of the ctenidial axis, so that the gill contracts before the adductor-muscle becomes active. This movement of the ctenidium is abolished if the main branchial nerve is cut near its origin. 2. The gills of Pecten possess a neuromuscular mechanism which is to some extent independent of the rest of the body, so that excised gills when stimulated react in the same way as an attached gill. 3. The lamellae of the gill possess two distinct types of movement. (a) When the surface of the gill is stimulated by contact with a glass rod or by carmine particles, the frontal surfaces of the two lamellae approach each other; the movement very often being executed by the lamella which is not actually being stimulated. The lateral extent of these movements (concertina movements) is roughly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. Such movements normally appear to transfer the bulk of the material on to the mantle. Separation of the main branchial nerve abolishes these movements. (b) Each principal filament is capable of moving the ordinary filaments to which it is attached. This movement (flapping movement) is due to the movements of the interfilamentar junctions which alternatively move up and down at right angles to their length. This motion is independent of the branchial nerve and can be produced by direct stimulation of very tiny pieces of the individual filaments. 4. The significance of gill movements to feeding habits is discussed. The course of food particles depends on the nature of the stimuli affecting the gill. Histological. 5. The ctenidial axis and the principal filaments have a stratum of anastomosing nerve-cells which appear to form a true nerve-net comparable to that of the mantle. 6. The gill receives nerve-fibres from two sources, the brain and the visceral ganglion. The subsidiary branchial nerve is a structure hitherto unknown in the molluscan gill; so far its function is unknown. Each gill has four main longitudinal nerve-trunks. 7. The osphradium of the gill has a much more extensive distribution than has hitherto been supposed. 8. Two sets of muscles exist at the base of the gill-filaments, and these are responsible for movements of the lamellae. The muscle-fibres are non-striated. 9. The principal filaments are connected to the ordinary filaments by processes containing true muscle-cells, and by these cells movements of the filaments are effected.

Malnutrition: Already exist and is being overlooked?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Şule Gökçe ◽  
Aslı Aslan ◽  
Feyza Koç
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Healthy Growth

Background: Malnutrition is defined as deficiency and or imbalance of nutrients and energy and may produce a negative effect on the growth, maintenance, and specific functions of the body. This study purposed to determine the nutritional situation, to define the presence of malnutrition, to detect the deficiencies of micronutrients of the children admitted to a pediatric tertiary hospital. Methods: A retrospective, cross‑sectional, single unit-based study in pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric wards for differential diagnosis or treatment was conducted between November 2017 and December 2019. The anthropometric measurements were figured out on hospital admission of all pediatric patients. The pediatric patients diagnosed with malnutrition were assessed to detect their nutritional status/feeding habits and to identify any associated factors. Results: A total of 1206 children were hospitalized with an acute illness diagnosis and/or treatment during the study period. One hundred fifteen patients were noted to have malnutrition; acute malnutrition (wasting) (weight for height z-score < - 2 SDS) (n=51/115, 44.3%) and chronic malnutrition (stunted) (height-for-age < −2 SDS) was detected in 64/115 (55.7%) patients; the prevalence of wasting, and stunting was 4.2% and 5.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Our study suggests that it should be performed an assessment of nutritional status/ history and anthropometric measurements every admission to the hospital in order to provide healthy growth development in childhood, particularly under 2 of age and interventions should be strengthened for general child health.

Images of the Female Body in Émile Zola's Novels

2021 ◽  
pp. 301-317
Author(s):  
Irina David
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Body ◽  
French Society ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
And Behavior

The aim of this chapter is to highlight how the female body and the social practices that it is subject to are depicted in Émile Zola's literary work as indicators of dominating perceptions in 19th century patriarchal French society with regard to social roles in general and women's role in society in particular. Rather than focusing on an anatomic, biological analysis of the body, the discussion will turn to the body as a social construct, as metaphor for the overall treatment of women as beings whose appearance and behavior have to constantly be regulated for them to no longer constitute a threat to the male-centric society they live in.

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