scholarly journals A Damage Function for Stem Rust of Perennial Ryegrass Seed Crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Pfender
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Attainable Yield ◽  
Complementary Value

Observations of naturally occurring stem rust epidemics and seed yields in perennial ryegrass were taken in 19 field experiments conducted over the course of 9 years. Epidemic severity differed among years and also among experimental treatments (fungicide regimes) within years. In each experiment, attainable yield was represented by the nondiseased treatment, and yields of other treatments were expressed as relative yield (a proportion of the attainable yield). Yield loss (difference between attainable and actual yield) in the nonprotected treatments was 0 to 98% due to yearly differences in epidemic conditions. Fungicides were effective in reducing stem rust injury and damage when properly timed. Disease severity in the upper canopy was estimated at approximately weekly intervals and converted to proportion of the plant area diseased. The complementary value, proportion of area healthy, and its integral over time, healthy area duration (HAD), were calculated. Regression analyses were conducted using various phenological time intervals of HAD as the independent variable. The best intervals of HAD for predicting relative yield were centered on the midpoint time between anthesis and harvest. The regression equation (r2 = 0.89) for relative yield as a function of HAD during the 3-week interval was selected and rearranged to produce a quadratic damage function. This damage function estimates yield loss at 5, 22, and 42% for critical-interval diseased proportions of 1, 5, and 10%, respectively. Yield data collected from field experiments not used in model development correlated well (r2 = 0.9) with yields predicted by the damage function from their observed disease severity.

scholarly journals Field Assessment of a Model for Fungicide Effects on Intraplant Spread of Stem Rust in Perennial Ryegrass Seed Crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender ◽  
J. Eynard
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Observation Times

Intraplant spread of stem rust (Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola) in perennial ryegrass during tiller extension is a major determinant of epidemic severity and is dominated by stem extension dynamics. Simple equations for extension of inflorescence and internodes are presented and parameterized. These equations are combined with previously published equations for pathogen latent period and for postinfection efficacy of fungicides to produce a model for effects of fungicide type and timing on intraplant spread. The model is driven by thermal units, calculated from air temperature measurements. Three field experiments, conducted independently from the field experiments that provided data for plant growth model parameterization, were conducted to assess performance of the disease spread model. Either propiconazole or azoxystrobin, the two most commonly used fungicides for stem rust control, was applied to tillers that had stem rust pustules on the flag sheath and in which the inflorescence was partially extended. Intraplant spread of disease to the extending inflorescence (stem and flowerhead) was observed at several dates following treatment and compared with modeled severities. The model estimated accurately the severities of inflorescence infection for most treatments and observation times, with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 for modeled versus observed disease severities across the three experiments. The model correctly estimated the rank order of final severities among the treatments (fungicide type and timing). The model can be extended to intraplant spread of stem rust at all internodes and incorporated into decision support tools for fungicide type and timing in management of this disease.

scholarly journals Effect of Autumn Planting Date and Stand Age on Severity of Stem Rust in Seed Crops of Perennial Ryegrass

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Seed Crops

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) grown for seed is planted in autumn for July harvest (first-year seed crop), then kept in production for subsequent yearly harvests. Plots of first-year perennial ryegrass planted in early November had only 3% as much stem rust in June as plots planted in mid-September. In other plots where fungicides were used to prevent rust development, seed yield from the November-planted plots was reduced by 23% compared with September-planted plots. In the second-year seed crop, stem rust severity in June was intermediate between severities in early- and late-planted first-year plots. The association of reduced stem rust severity with late planting for first-year crops was observed for five of six perennial ryegrass cultivars tested. Degree of reduction in disease severity due to planting date was greatest for the cultivars that had the highest disease severity in early-planted stands. Delay of autumn planting date may provide a useful cultural control method for first-year stands of perennial ryegrass seed crops.

scholarly journals Plant size, nutrient composition and biomass productivity of oats and faba bean in intercropping, and the effect of controlling Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae) on these properties

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Helenius
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Replacement Series

Effects of mixed intercropping on plant size, content of mineral nutrients and biomass yields were examined in three field experiments in Southern Finland in 1983—1985. The stand types were monocrops and replacement series of mixtures with 2/3 and 1/3 or 1/3 and 2/3 of oats (Avena sativa) and faba bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In one of the experiments control of R. padi, by means of deltamethrin sprayings, was an additional experimental factor having two levels. The height of stems or the above ground biomass of oats either were not affected or were increased by crop diversification. Bean plants remained smaller in the mixtures than in the monocrop. In plant size, there was a significant interaction between stand type and the effect of aphicide spraying: Oat benefitted most from being grown in the mixture containing most bean, and there was an indication (not statistically significant) that in these mixtures bean had proportionately higher weight loss. This result was interpreted as giving some support to the hypothesis of interspecific compensation between oats and bean against aphid damage to oats. In oats, the content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg all decreased from the stage of inflorescence emergence to the stage of the onset of milk development. Mixed cropping increased the content in oats of all these nutrients except Ca. At the same time, contents of P and K in bean were decreased. The changes in growth form and composition in oats induced by intercropping are discussed from the point of view of host plant relationship and damage function of the aphid pest. In terms of relative yield total (RYT), there was no overyielding in the dry matter, and in one case only was there overyielding in the nitrogen. During the period of population growth of R. padi, the daily maximum temperatures within the canopy were higher in the mixtures than in the monocrop of oats.

scholarly journals The Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC) in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogan ISIK ◽  
Adem AKCA ◽  
Emine KAYA ALTOP ◽  
Nihat TURSUN ◽  
Husrev MENNAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Interference

Accurate assessment of crop-weed control period is an essential part for planning an effective weed management for cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted during the seasonal growing periods of potato in 2012 and 2013 in Kayseri, Turkey to assess critical period for weed control (CPWC) in potato. A four parameter log-logistic model was used to assist in monitoring and analysing two sets of related, relative crop yield. Data was obtained during the periods of increased weed interference and as a comparison, during weed-free periods. In both years, the relative yield of potato decreased with a longer period of weed-interference whereas increased with increasing length of weed free period. In 2012, the CPWC ranged from 112 to 1014 GDD (Growing Degree Days) which corresponded to 8 to 66 days after crop emergence (DAE) and between 135-958 GDD (10 to 63 DAE) in the following year based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. Weed-free conditions needed to be established as early as the first week after crop emergence and maintained as late as ten weeks after crop emergence to avoid more than 5% yield loss in the potato. The results suggest that CPWC could well assist potato producers to significantly reduce the expense of their weed management programs as well as improving its efficacy.

scholarly journals Response of Barley Genotypes to Weed Interference in Australia

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Lee Hickey ◽  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Weed-competitive genotypes could be an important tool in integrated weed management (IWM) practices. However, weed competitiveness is often not considered a priority for breeding high-yielding cultivars. Weed-competitive ability is often evaluated based on weed-suppressive ability (WSA) and weed-tolerance ability (WTA) parameters; however, there is little information on these aspects for barley genotypes in Australia. In this study, the effects of weed interference on eight barley genotypes were assessed. Two years of field experiments were performed in a split-plot design with three replications. Yield loss due to weed interference ranged from 43% to 78%. The weed yield amongst genotypes varied from 0.5 to 1.7 Mg ha−1. Relative yield loss due to weed interference was negatively correlated with WTA and WSA. A negative correlation was also found between WSA and weed seed production (r = −0.72). Similarly, a negative correlation was found between WTA and barley yield in the weedy environment (r = −0.91). The results suggest that a high tillering ability and plant height are desirable attributes for weed competitiveness in the barley genotypes. These results also demonstrated that among the eight barley genotypes, Commander exhibited superior WSA and WTA parameters and therefore, could be used in both low- and high-production systems for weed management. Westminster had a superior WSA parameter. Therefore, it could be used for weed management in organic production systems. These results also implied that genotypic ranking on the basis of WSA and WTA could be used as an important tool in strengthening IWM programs for barley.

scholarly journals Prediction of Stem Rust Infection Favorability, by Means of Degree-Hour Wetness Duration, for Perennial Ryegrass Seed Crops

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Seed Crops

A weather-based infection model for stem rust of perennial ryegrass seed crops was developed and tested using data from inoculated bioassay plants in a field environment with monitored weather. The model describes favorability of daily weather as a proportion (0.0 to 1.0) of the maximum possible infection level set by host and inoculum. Moisture duration and temperature are combined in one factor as wet degree-hours (DHw) (i.e., degree-hours > 2.0°C summed only over time intervals when) moisture is present). Degree-hours are weighted as a function of temperature, based on observed rates of urediniospore germination. The pathogen Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola requires favorable conditions of temperature and moisture during the night (dark period) and also at the beginning of the morning (light period), and both periods are included in the model. There is a correction factor for reduced favorability if the dark wet period is interrupted. The model is: proportion of maximum infection = 1 - e(-0.0031) × (DHw Index), where DHw Index is the product of interruption-adjusted overnight weighted DHw multiplied by morning (first 2 h after sunrise) weighted DHw. The model can be run easily with measurements from automated dataloggers that record temperature and wetness readings at frequent time intervals. In tests with three independent data sets, the model accounted for 80% of the variance in log(observed infection level) across three orders of magnitude, and the regression lines for predicted and observed values were not significantly different from log(observed) = log(predicted). A simpler version of the model using nonweighted degree hours (>2.0°C) was developed and tested. It performed nearly as well as the weighted-degree-hour model under conditions when temperatures from sunset to 2 h past sunrise were mostly between 4 and 20°C, as is the case during the growing season in the major U.S. production region for cool-season grass seed. The infection model is intended for use in combination with measured or modeled estimates of inoculum level, to derive estimates of daily infection.

Effects of hybrid susceptibility and inoculation timing on Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight severity and corn yield

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C Bauske ◽  
Andrew J Friskop
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Sequential Combination ◽  
High Level ◽  
Growing Region

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight (Goss’s wilt) of corn is the most important corn disease in North Dakota (ND), and yield loss due to the disease has not been reliably quantified in northern corn growing regions. To help quantify the amount of yield loss caused by Goss’s wilt, a total of six field experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2017. Experiments were designed in a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. Hybrids served as main plots and Clavibacter nebraskensis (Cn) inoculation timings as sub-plots. Three hybrids were used and classified as a susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant. Inoculation timings included a non-inoculated control, six to ten leaf collars (V6 to V10), reproductive silk stage (R1), or a sequential combination of V6 to V10 and R1. A high level of disease (greater than 50% on susceptible hybrid) occurred in three experiments, a low level of disease (less than 5% on susceptible hybrid) in one experiment, and no disease was reported in two experiments. A combined analysis of the high disease experiments indicated yield losses of 34 to 41% on the susceptible hybrid when Cn inoculation occurred at V6 to V10. Yield losses of 22 to 25% occurred on the moderately susceptible hybrid when C. nebraskensis inoculation occurred at V6 to V10, and statistical differences in yield loss were not found among inoculations timings on the resistant hybrid. Correlation analyses suggest that for every 1% increase in R1 disease severity on the susceptible hybrid, yield was reduced by 117 kg/ha (1.9 bu/A). The current study further demonstrates the importance of hybrid resistance and provides updated yield loss information on Goss’s wilt in a northern corn growing region.

Quantitative effects of leaf and stem rusts on yield and quality of wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Keed ◽  
NH White
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Individual Grains

The effects of Puccinia recondita and/or P. graminis var. tritici on the yield and quality of four Australian wheat cultivars were measured in 18 field experiments. Fortnightly applications of Dithane. S-31(R) provided almost rust-free plots for comparison with plots in which rust was allowed to develop. Leaf and stem rust intensities were assessed using the key diagram of Large and Griffin. Leaf rust caused a maximum loss of yield of 26 per cent on Mendos and 22 per cent on Gamut. Stem rust on 1156.238 caused losses of up to 49 per cent while both leaf and stem rusts on Gabo resulted in a maximum yield loss of 55 per cent. With all four cultivars, most of the yield reduction was caused by a reduction in the weight of individual grains, reflected in the losses in 1,000 grain weights. Infection by leaf or stem rust generally resulted in a reduction in bushel weight and protein content.

Yield loss and fungicide control of stem rust of wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Loughman ◽  
K. Jayasena ◽  
J. Majewski
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Fungicide Control

Yield loss in wheat from natural infections with Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici ranged from 10 to 45% in 3 experiments over 2 years. Fungicide reduced subsequent stem rust severity on plant parts that were only slightly infected at the time of fungicide application, but was not effective on plant parts that were more heavily infected when treated. Fungicide control of stem rust was economic in a range of situations. Fungicide applied at head emergence with low disease incidence (5% of stems) increased yield by 0.3 t/ha. When applied prior to head emergence with high disease incidence at low disease severity, yield increased by 0.8–1.5 t/ha, depending on duration of control. At a high disease incidence and moderate disease severity, yield increases of 0.4–0.6 t/ha were observed. Grain quality was also significantly improved with fungicide. Fungicide was more effective when applied immediately following detection compared with a 3-week delay. Folicur was more effective at reducing disease and increasing yield or quality than Impact or Triad.

scholarly journals A Simulation Model for Epidemics of Stem Rust in Ryegrass Seed Crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Pfender ◽  
D. Upper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Seed Crops

A simulation model (STEMRUST_G, named for stem rust of grasses) was created for stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola) in perennial ryegrass grown to maturity as a seed crop. The model has a daily time step and is driven by weather data and an initial input of disease severity from field observation. Key aspects of plant growth are modeled. Disease severity is modeled as rust population growth, where individuals are pathogen colonies (pustules) grouped in cohorts defined by date of initiation and plant part infected. Infections due to either aerial spread or within-plant contact spread are modeled. Pathogen cohorts progress through life stages that are modeled as disease cycle components (colony establishment, latent period, infectious period, and sporulation) affected by daily weather variables, plant growth, and fungicide application. Fungicide effects on disease cycle components are modeled for two commonly used active ingredients, applied preinfection or postinfection. Previously validated submodels for certain disease cycle components formed the framework for integrating additional processes, and the complete model was calibrated with field data from 10 stem rust epidemics. Discrepancies between modeled outcomes and the calibration data (log10[modeled] − log10[observed]) had a mean near zero but considerable variance, with 1 standard deviation = 0.5 log10 units (3.2-fold). It appears that a large proportion of the modeling error variance may be due to variability in field observations of disease severity. An action threshold for fungicide application was derived empirically, using a constructed weather input file favorable for disease development. The action threshold is a negative threshold, representing a level of disease (latent plus visible) below which damaging levels of disease are unable to develop before the yield-critical crop stage. The model is in the public domain and available on the Internet.

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