scholarly journals Effects of capsaicin on energy expenditure, fat oxidation, appetite profile and energy intake in negative energy balance

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilou Janssens ◽  
Rick Hursel ◽  
Eveline Martens ◽  
Margriet Westerterp‐Plantenga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Capsaicin on Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Negative Energy Balance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e67786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilou L. H. R. Janssens ◽  
Rick Hursel ◽  
Eveline A. P. Martens ◽  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Acute Effects

Energy expenditure climbing Mt. Everest

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Westerterp ◽  
B. Kayser ◽  
F. Brouns ◽  
J. P. Herry ◽  
W. H. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
The Alps

Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Disturbance of the reproductive axis induced by negative energy balance

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Judd
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Crf Neurons

Animal reproduction is impaired when intake of energy is so restricted that activities essential to life are threatened; this is seen as a homeostatic adjustment that restricts wasteful energy expenditure. Fasting or exercising to a degree requiring considerable energy expenditure has major effects on the hypothalamus, including activation of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, suppression of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone synthesis, and increased growth hormone secretion; these are associated with increased concentrations of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA and are corrected by administration of leptin, an adipose-tissue protein with a tertiary structure similar to the cytokine interleukin-2. This response to fasting results from a disordered pattern of activity in the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pacemaker, characterized by reduced luteinizing hormone pulsatility, particularly during daytime. Animal studies have suggested that the response depends on an intact afferent vagal system from the stomach and the presence of oestrogen. Noradrenergic neurons forming the A2 group increase the activity of CRF neurons that, in turn, inhibit GnRH pulsatility. Reproductive impairment due to fasting is reversed by leptin, and abnormalities of leptin are described in individuals who fast or who develop exercise-induced amenorrhoea. This paper discusses these changes induced by negative energy balance and speculates on the involvement of leptin as a contributor to these abnormalities.

scholarly journals ENERGY BALANCE AND VITAL SIGNS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0020
Author(s):  
Julie A. Young ◽  
Jessica Napolitano ◽  
Mitchell J. Rauh ◽  
Jeanne Nichols ◽  
Anastasia N. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Males And Females

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have shown that vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature are depressed in patients with an eating disorder who have experienced a negative energy balance for a significant amount of time. More recently, a negative energy balance has been the focus of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), which links energy availability to the health of multiple body systems in adults in as little as 5 days with a negative energy balance. High rates of disordered eating patterns have been reported in high school athletes. As adolescents grow, the consequences of a negative energy balance can be significant and potentially irreversible. Thus, vital signs may help clinicians quickly evaluate a patient’s energy status or highlight them for further evaluation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine energy balance and vital signs in a cohort of adolescents who were seen by a sports dietitian to gain weight or optimize sports performance. METHODS: We evaluated 240 subjects, 83% female, average age 15.0±2.3 years. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured with a dynamometer in a seated position. Body temperature was measured orally. Height and weight were recorded. BMI was then calculated and evaluated by percentile. Energy intake was assessed using a 3-day food recall log. Energy expenditure was calculated using Harris Benedict Equation and combined with estimated exercise energy expenditure. Energy balance was estimated as energy intake minus energy expenditure. RESULTS: Average age was 15.03±2.71. 85% were female. 30% were below the 15th percentile for BMI. There were no differences in BMI percentiles between males and females (p=0.99). The average heart rate was 71.62±13.4 bpm and 19% were below the 10th percentile for heart rate. Average systolic blood pressure was 110±11 mm Hg and average diastolic blood pressure was 62±7 mmHg. Average temperature was 98.1±.4 degrees F. 88%were in a negative energy balance with an average energy deficit of 552±511 calories. There were no statistically significant differences in energy balance between males and females (p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: A disproportional number of children with low BMI and heart rate percentiles was observed, which may indicate a long-standing energy deficiency. We also found a high proportion of adolescents who experienced a standalone negative energy balance itself or vital signs consistent with a negative energy balance. Additional studies are needed to study the relationships between energy deficit magnitude and duration in adolescents and children.

scholarly journals Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry W. Fudge ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Festus K. Kiplamai ◽  
Vincent O. Onywera ◽  
Michael K. Boit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
Heavy Training

Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0·046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56·0 (SD 3·4) kg v. 55·7 (SD 3·6) kg; P=0·285). The calculation of underreporting was 13; (range −24 to +9%) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9% (range −55 to +39%)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4·2 (SD 0·6) l/d v. 4·5 (SD 0·8) l/d; P=0·496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0·9 (SD 0·5) l/d) and milky tea (0·9 (SD 0·3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67·3 (SD 7·8) %) and sufficient in protein (15·3 (SD 4·0) %) and fat (17·4 (SD 3·9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.

Energy expenditure and balance during spaceflight on the space shuttle

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. R1739-R1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Stein ◽  
M. J. Leskiw ◽  
M. D. Schluter ◽  
R. W. Hoyt ◽  
H. W. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Flight Experiment

The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to measure human energy expenditure (EE) during spaceflight on a shuttle mission by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method; 2) to determine whether the astronauts were in negative energy balance during spaceflight; 3) to use the comparison of change in body fat as measured by the intake DLW EE,18O dilution, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to validate the DLW method for spaceflight; and 4) to compare EE during spaceflight against that found with bed rest. Two experiments were conducted: a flight experiment ( n = 4) on the 16-day 1996 life and microgravity sciences shuttle mission and a 6° head-down tilt bed rest study with controlled dietary intake ( n = 8). The bed rest study was designed to simulate the flight experiment and included exercise. Two EE determinations were done before flight (bed rest), during flight (bed rest), and after flight (recovery). Energy intake and N balance were monitored for the entire period. Results were that body weight, water, fat, and energy balance were unchanged with bed rest. For the flight experiment, decreases in weight (2.6 ± 0.4 kg, P < 0.05) and N retention (−2.37 ± 0.45 g N/day, P < 0.05) were found. Dietary intake for the four astronauts was reduced in flight (3,025 ± 180 vs. 1,943 ± 179 kcal/day, P < 0.05). EE in flight was 3,320 ± 155 kcal/day, resulting in a negative energy balance of 1,355 ± 80 kcal/day (−15.7 ± 1.0 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, P < 0.05). This corresponded to a loss of 2.1 ± 0.4 kg body fat, which was within experimental error of the fat loss determined by18O dilution (−1.4 ± 0.5 kg) and DEXA (−2.4 ± 0.4 kg). All three methods showed no change in body fat with bed rest. In conclusion, 1) the DLW method for measuring EE during spaceflight is valid, 2) the astronauts were in severe negative energy balance and oxidized body fat, and 3) in-flight energy (E) requirements can be predicted from the equation: E = 1.40 × resting metabolic rate + exercise.

Energy intake and expenditure in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute illness

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Klipstein-Grobusch ◽  
J. J. Reilly ◽  
J. Potter ◽  
C. A. Edwards ◽  
M. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

Studies on hospitalized elderly subjects have demonstrated that negative energy balance is common during hospitalization, but have concentrated primarily on long-stay and psychogeriatric patients. There is little information on energy balance in elderly patients admitted with acute illness from the community, despite the importance of this patient group and the presence of a number of factors likely to predispose such patients to negative energy balance. In the present study energy balance was quantified in twenty patients (eight males, mean age 82 (SD 05) years; twelve females, mean age 84 (SD 6) years) admitted from the community with acute illness, and predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) was compared with measured resting metabolic rate (RMR). Most patients were in negative energy balance during hospitalization, and median measured energy intake (El):measured RMR ratio was 1·0 (range 0·7–1·8). The mean difference between measured El and estimated total energy expenditure was −1·3 MJ/d (range -3·4 to +2·5 MJ/d). Estimated total energy expenditure exceeded measured El in fifteen of the patients and there was a significant decline in mid-arm muscle circumference (paired t, P < 0·05) during hospitalization. We conclude that moderate negative energy balance is common in this patient group, and that these patients are at risk of undernutrition during their hospital stay.

Energy Balance and Luteal Phase Progesterone Levels in Elite Adolescent Aesthetic Athletes

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Reading ◽  
Linda J. McCargar ◽  
Vicki J. Harber
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Age Of Menarche

Menstrual abnormalities are associated with negative energy balance and reduced energy expenditure (REE). To examine this relationship in elite adolescent aesthetic athletes, 3 groups of females (aged 15-18 years) were studied: 10 oligo/amenorrheic athletes (OA), 11 eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and 8 non-athlete controls (C). Components of energy balance, body composition, dietary restraint, pubertal maturation, and luteal phase salivary progesterone were assessed in all groups. Both groups of athletes had a later age of menarche and lowerpubertal development score compared to the non-athletes (p < .05). With the exception of salivary progesterone (ng/ml; OA = 0.15±0.01 <EA = 0.29± 0.1 and C = 0.30 ± 0.13, /p = .007), there were no differences between the athlete groups. Energy balance (kcal/d) in the OA group was lower (−290 ± 677) compared to either EA (−5±461) or C (179 ± 592) but did not reach significance (p = .24). Dietary energy intake and absolute REE (kcal/d) were not different among groups, despite detectable differences in reproductive status, and thus could not be attributed to differences in energy balance or REE.

scholarly journals A Negative Energy Balance Is Associated with Metabolic Dysfunctions in the Hypothalamus of a Humanized Preclinical Model of Alzheimer’s Disease, the 5XFAD Mouse

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5365
Author(s):  
Antonio J. López-Gambero ◽  
Cristina Rosell-Valle ◽  
Dina Medina-Vera ◽  
Juan Antonio Navarro ◽  
Antonio Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
5Xfad Mouse ◽  
5Xfad Mice ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions

Increasing evidence links metabolic disorders with neurodegenerative processes including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Late AD is associated with amyloid (Aβ) plaque accumulation, neuroinflammation, and central insulin resistance. Here, a humanized AD model, the 5xFAD mouse model, was used to further explore food intake, energy expenditure, neuroinflammation, and neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamus. Experiments were performed on 6-month-old male and female full transgenic (Tg5xFAD/5xFAD), heterozygous (Tg5xFAD/-), and non-transgenic (Non-Tg) littermates. Although histological analysis showed absence of Aβ plaques in the hypothalamus of 5xFAD mice, this brain region displayed increased protein levels of GFAP and IBA1 in both Tg5xFAD/- and Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice and increased expression of IL-1β in Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice, suggesting neuroinflammation. This condition was accompanied by decreased body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure in both Tg5xFAD/- and Tg5xFAD/5xFAD mice. Negative energy balance was associated with altered circulating levels of insulin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, and resistin; decreased insulin and leptin hypothalamic signaling; dysregulation in main metabolic sensors (phosphorylated IRS1, STAT5, AMPK, mTOR, ERK2); and neuropeptides controlling energy balance (NPY, AgRP, orexin, MCH). These results suggest that glial activation and metabolic dysfunctions in the hypothalamus of a mouse model of AD likely result in negative energy balance, which may contribute to AD pathogenesis development.

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