1048 CORRELATION BETWEEN SPOT URINE SODIUM, 24 HOUR URINARY SODIUM AND FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONAIRE IN ESTIMATION OF SALT INTAKE IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. e305 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Maryam ◽  
N. Nani ◽  
A.R. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Spot Urine

scholarly journals Correlation Between Spot Urine Sodium, 24 Hour Urinary Sodium and Food Frequency Questionnairein Estimation of Salt Intake in Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Jaafar Maryam Kamiliah ◽  
Nordin Nani ◽  
Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Daily Sodium Intake

Background:Salt intake is a known contributor to increased blood pressure. However, it is rarely monitored in clinical practice. 24-hr urinary sodium (24-HrNa) is the gold standard method to estimate salt intake but this method is rather burdensome.Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate between spot urine sodium (SUNa), 24-HrNa and Na intake estimation by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (FFQNa).Methods : 430 healthy participants aged between 20-40 years old were recruited. Second morning voided urine samples were obtained from all participants to estimate SUNa. 24-HrNa samples were obtained from 77 out of 430 participants. All participants were required to answer a validated FFQ. Urine samples were analysed for Na using indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method. Daily sodium intake was calculated from the FFQ.Results:The mean daily sodium intake from 24-hrNa (n=77) was 155 mmol/day, SUNa (n=430) was 158 mmol/L and FFQNa (n=430) was 271 mmol/day. There was a moderate correlation between SUNa and 24-hrNa (ρ = 0.62, P < 0.000). No correlation was seen between both 24-hrNa and SUNa with FFQNa (ρ = 0.035, P = 0.768 and ρ = 0.026, P = 0.597 respectively).Conclusion: Spot urine Na is a simple cost-effective method to estimate daily Na intake and has the potential to replace 24-hour urinary Na.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 74-80

scholarly journals Correcting for Intra-Individual Variability in Sodium Excretion in Spot Urine Samples Does Not Improve the Ability to Predict 24 h Urinary Sodium Excretion

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2026
Author(s):  
Karen Elizabeth Charlton ◽  
Aletta Elisabeth Schutte ◽  
Leanda Wepener ◽  
Barbara Corso ◽  
Paul Kowal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Distribution Curve ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Spot Urine

Given a global focus on salt reduction efforts to reduce cardiovascular risk, it is important to obtain accurate measures of salt intake on a population level. This study determined firstly whether adjustment for intra-individual variation in urinary sodium (Na) excretion using three repeated 24 h collections affects daily estimates and whether the use of repeated spot urine samples results in better prediction of 24 h Na compared to a single collection. Twenty three community-dwelling men and women from South Africa (mean age 59.7 years (SD = 15.6)) participating in the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE) Wave 3 study collected 24 h and spot early morning urine samples over three consecutive days to assess urinary Na excretion. INTERSALT, Tanaka, and Kawasaki prediction equations, with either average or adjusted spot Na values, were used to estimate 24 h Na and compared these against measured 24 h urinary Na. Adjustment was performed by using the ratio of between-person (sb) and total (sobs) variability obtained from repeated measures analysis of variance. Sensitivity of the equations to predict daily urinary Na values below 5 g salt equivalent was calculated. The sb/sobs for urinary Na using three repeated samples for spot and 24 h samples were 0.706 and 0.798, respectively. Correction using analysis of variance for 3 × 24 h collections resulted in contraction of the upper end of the distribution curve (90th centile: 157 to 136 mmoL/day; 95th centile: 220 to 178 mmoL/day). All three prediction equations grossly over-estimated 24 h urinary Na excretion, regardless of whether a single spot urine or repeated collections corrected for intra-individual variation were used. Sensitivity of equations to detect salt intake equivalent values of ≤5 g/day was 13% for INTERSALT, while the other two equations had zero sensitivity. Correcting for intra-individual variability in Na excretion using three 24 h urine collections contracted the distribution curve for high intakes. Repeated collection of spot samples for urinary Na analysis does not improve the accuracy of predicting 24 h Na excretion. Spot urine samples are not appropriate to detect participants with salt intakes below the recommended 5 g/day.

scholarly journals High Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Synchronous Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms in Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Seon-Young Park ◽  
Jin Ook Chung ◽  
Ji Ho Seo ◽  
Hyun A Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Epithelial Neoplasms ◽  
Epithelial Neoplasm

Abstract Background : Although previous studies have suggested a high salt intake as a risk factor for precancerous and cancerous lesions of stomach, the evidence is not sufficient to draw a conclusion yet. We aimed to evaluate the association between ‘estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion’ and prevalence of synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm. Methods: Among 2017 patients with gastric epithelial neoplasms, who had test results for estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, 1310 were enrolled. Results: There were 545 (41.6%) patients with high-grade dysplasia and early gastric cancer. The mean age was 64.5 years; 853 (65.1%) were men and 244 (18.6%) were smokers. The rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was 71.0% (797/1123). The incidence of synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm was 10.6% (139/1310). Significant interactions were seen between estimated 24-hour urine sodium’ and sex ( P -interaction =0.003), with the association largely limited to women; ‘estimated 24-hour urine sodium’ (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.51, P = 0.012) was an independent risk factor for synchronous gastric neoplasm in women. Conclusions: High ‘estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion’ was associated with synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm in women.

Low correlation between morning spot and 24-hour urine samples for estimating sodium intake in an Iranian population: Isfahan Salt Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Alireza Khosravi ◽  
Noushin Mohammadifard ◽  
Mojagn Gharipour ◽  
Zahra Abdollahi ◽  
Fatemeh Nouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Tanaka Formula

Abstract. Introduction: Although difficult, the 24-hour urine sodium excretion is still considered as the gold standard method to estimate salt intake. The current study aimed to assess the validity of using spot urine samples in comparison with the standard 24-hour urine collection to estimate sodium and potassium intake in healthy Iranian adults. Methods and subjects: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1099 healthy Iranians aged 18–69 years. Samples of 24-hour and fasting morning spot urine were collected to measure sodium and potassium excretions. Tanaka’s formula was utilized to predict the 24-hour sodium and potassium urinary excretions based on the spot values. Results: The difference between measured and estimated sodium excretion values was 4265 mg/day (95% CI: 4106–4424; P < 0.001) and 2242 mg/day in case of potassium excretion (95% CI: 2140–2344; P < 0.001). There was a weak significant correlation between the 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion and the predicted values (intraclass correlations: 0.22 and 0.28, respectively; both P < 0.001). Conclusion: The weak association between the predicted and measured values of sodium and potassium along with the marked overestimation of daily sodium and potassium excretions based on the spot urine and using Tanaka formula indicates that Tanaka formula is not practical for the prediction of sodium and potassium or salt intake in Iranian adults. Using other spot urine sampling times and/or adopting a formula designed based on the characteristics of the Iranian population may increase the validity of spot urine tests.

scholarly journals Spot Urine Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Is a Predictor of Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Averill ◽  
Rebekah L. Young ◽  
Alexis C. Wood ◽  
Emily O. Kurlak ◽  
Holly Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
The Impact

Background and Purpose— Dietary sodium reduction with concurrent increase in potassium intake is a current public health priority to reduce risk of cardiovascular events. This study explored associations between the spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio and cardiovascular events in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) longitudinal cohort. Methods— The MESA is a prospective cohort study of 6814 adults from 4 ethnic groups (European-, Asian-, African- and Hispanic-American) with a mean age of 62 (±10.2) years and an average of 11.7 (±2.2) years of follow-up. Participants were free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Spot urine sodium and potassium excretion, as a marker of dietary intake, was collected at baseline. The impact of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio on adjudicated cardiovascular events was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results— Only 39% of MESA participants had a urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio ≤1, and these participants experienced only 74 of the 236 strokes. A sodium-to-potassium ratio >1 was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.47 (95% CI,1.07–2.00) for risk of stroke, adjusting for age, sex, race, cardiovascular risk factors, socio-demographic characteristics, body size, and kidney function. Conclusions— The spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio (measurable in routine care) is associated with stroke. A urine sodium-to-potassium ratio of ≤1, may be related to a clinically relevant reduction in stroke risk and is a feasible target for health interventions.

scholarly journals Dietary sodium intake in urban and rural Malawi, and directions for future interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine E Prynn ◽  
Louis Banda ◽  
Alemayehu Amberbir ◽  
Alison J Price ◽  
Ndoliwe Kayuni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Per Capita

ABSTRACT Background High dietary sodium intake is a major risk factor for hypertension. Data on population sodium intake are scanty in sub-Saharan Africa, despite a high hypertension prevalence in most countries. Objective We aimed to determine daily sodium intake in urban and rural communities in Malawi. Design In an observational cross-sectional survey, data were collected on estimated household-level per capita sodium intake, based on how long participants reported that a defined quantity of plain salt lasts in a household. In a subset of 2078 participants, 24-h urinary sodium was estimated from a morning spot urine sample. Results Of 29,074 participants, 52.8% of rural and 50.1% of urban individuals lived in households with an estimated per capita plain salt consumption >5 g/d. Of participants with urinary sodium data, 90.8% of rural and 95.9% of urban participants had estimated 24-h urinary sodium >2 g/d; there was no correlation between household per capita salt intake and estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Younger adults were more likely to have high urinary sodium and to eat food prepared outside the home than were those over the age of 60 y. Households with a member with previously diagnosed hypertension had reduced odds (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.68) of per capita household plain salt intake >5 g/d, compared with those where hypertension was undiagnosed. Conclusions Sodium consumption exceeds the recommended amounts for most of the population in rural and urban Malawi. Population-level interventions for sodium intake reduction with a wide focus are needed, targeting both sources outside the home as well as home cooking. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422185.

scholarly journals Spot Urine Formulas to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Alter the Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure Relationship

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Mohd Naser ◽  
Feng J. He ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Norm R.C. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urine Sodium Excretion ◽  
The Relationship

We evaluated the relationship between estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT (International Study of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure) formulas and blood pressure (BP). We pooled 10 034 person-visit data from 3 cohort studies in Bangladesh that had measured 24-hour urine sodium (m-24hUNa), potassium, creatinine excretion, and BP. We used m-24hUNa, potassium, and creatinine where necessary, rather than spot urine values in the formulas. Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the bias associated with formula-estimated sodium relative to m-24hUNa. We compared the sodium excretion and BP relationships from m-24hUNa versus formula-estimated sodium excretions, using restricted cubic spline plots for adjusted multilevel linear models. All formulas overestimated 24-hour sodium at lower levels but underestimated 24-hour sodium at higher levels. There was a linear relationship between m-24hUNa excretion and systolic BP, while estimated sodium excretion from all 3 formulas had a J-shaped relationship with systolic BP. The relationships between urine sodium excretion and diastolic BP were more complex but were also altered by using formulas. All formulas had associations with BP when a sex-specific constant sodium concentration was inserted in place of measured sodium. Since we used the m-24hUNa, potassium, and creatinine concentrations in formulas, the J-shaped relationships are due to intrinsic problems in the formulas, not due to spot urine sampling. Formula-estimated 24-hour urine sodium excretion should not be used to examine the relationship between sodium excretion and BP since they alter the real associations.

scholarly journals Urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio associates with hypertension and current disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroto Minamino ◽  
Masao Katsushima ◽  
Motomu Hashimoto ◽  
Yoshihito Fujita ◽  
Tamami Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Spot Urine

Abstract Background Excessive salt intake is thought to exacerbate both development of hypertension and autoimmune diseases in animal models, but the clinical impact of excessive salt in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is still unknown. We performed a cross-sectional study to clarify the associations between salt load index (urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K ratio)), current disease activity, and hypertension in an RA population. Methods Three hundred thirty-six participants from our cohort database (KURAMA) were enrolled. We used the spot urine Na/K ratio as a simplified index of salt loading and used the 28-Joint RA Disease Activity Score (DAS28-ESR) as an indicator of current RA disease activity. Using these indicators, we evaluated statistical associations between urinary Na/K ratio, DAS28-ESR, and prevalence of hypertension. Results Urinary Na/K ratio was positively associated with measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure and also with prevalence of hypertension even after covariate adjustment (OR 1.34, p <  0.001). In addition, increased urinary Na/K ratio was significantly and positively correlated with DAS28-ESR in multiple regression analysis (estimate 0.12, p <  0.001), as was also the case in gender-separated and prednisolone-separated sub-analyses. Conclusion Urinary Na/K ratio was independently associated with current disease activity as well as with prevalence of hypertension in RA patients. Thus, dietary modifications such as salt restriction and potassium supplementation should be investigated as a potential candidate for attenuating both disease activity and hypertension in RA patients.

scholarly journals Daily Salt Intake, its Discretionary Use and Validation of Methods for Estimation using Spot Urine, Findings from Islamabad, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib ◽  
Ibrar Rafique ◽  
Muhammad Ansar ◽  
Tayyaba Rahat
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Sample Spot ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Insignificant Difference

Background: The study was designed to estimate daily salt intake, its discretionary use in healthy individuals and to validate three common methods for salt estimation in Pakistani population. Methods: Information on demography and discretionary salt use was collected healthy adults (>18 years) along with a blood sample, spot urine sample and 24 hours urine samples. Sodium, chloride, potassium levels and serum creatinine were measured using standard methods. For daily salt estimation, three common methods i.e. INTERSALT, Tanaka and Kawasaki were validated for their applicability in local settings. Results: Overall 24 h sodium excretion was 158 mmol/l indicating intake of 8.64 (4.43) grams salt per day which was significantly associated with male gender (p. <0.004) and adding salt during cooking (p. <0.0001). Most (73%) of the participants know about hazardous effects of high salt intake, however, only 25% consider important to lower salt intake. Although, there is insignificant difference (p. 0.09) between measured and estimated 24 hour urine however none of three methods i.e. INTERSALT(bias: -19.64; CCC -0.79), Tanaka(bias: 167.35; CCC -0.37) and Kawasaki (bias: -42.49, CCC -0.79) showed any agreement between measured and estimated 24 hour sodium. Conclusion: Daily intake of salt was high than recommended by the WHO. Findings showed that none of the three methods could be used for estimating daily intake of salt in local settings of Pakistan.

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