scholarly journals Parent–offspring conflict and motivational control of brooding in an amphipod (Crustacea)

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie T.A Dick ◽  
Robert W Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Crangonyx Pseudogracilis ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Partial Embryo ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Motivational Control

Models of parent–offspring conflict concerning levels of caregiving centre on conflict resolution by offspring control, compromise or offspring ‘honest signalling’ that parents use to maximize their own fitness. Recent empirical studies on motivational control of parental feeding of offspring are interpreted as supporting the latter model. Here, we examine parental care in an amphipod, Crangonyx pseudogracilis , which directs care to embryos in a brood pouch. Embryo removal and transplantation elucidated causal factors that determine levels of caregiving. In the short-term, females with all embryos removed reduced care activities, but partial embryo removal did not affect caregiving, evidence of ‘unshared’ parental care. In the long-term, females with all embryos removed ceased care. Thus, females have a maternal state that is maintained by stimuli from offspring. Transplantation of early/late stage embryos among females originally carrying early/late stage embryos revealed that stimuli from embryos indicate their age-dependent needs, but only modify caregiving within the constraints of a changing endogenous maternal state. Thus, we demonstrate that mothers and offspring share motivational control of care. However, we highlight the inappropriate use of motivational data in reaching conclusions about the resolution of parent–offspring conflict.

scholarly journals Testing predictions of inclusive fitness theory in inbreeding relatives with biparental care

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1916) ◽  
pp. 20191933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Gow ◽  
Peter Arcese ◽  
Danielle Dagenais ◽  
Rebecca J. Sardell ◽  
Scott Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity ◽  
Inclusive Fitness Theory ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Focal Male

Inclusive fitness theory predicts that parental care will vary with relatedness between potentially caring parents and offspring, potentially shaping mating system evolution. Systems with extra-pair paternity (EPP), and hence variable parent–brood relatedness, provide valuable opportunities to test this prediction. However, existing theoretical and empirical studies assume that a focal male is either an offspring's father with no inbreeding, or is completely unrelated. We highlight that this simple dichotomy does not hold given reproductive interactions among relatives, complicating the effect of EPP on parent–brood relatedness yet providing new opportunities to test inclusive fitness theory. Accordingly, we tested hierarchical hypotheses relating parental feeding rate to parent–brood relatedness, parent kinship and inbreeding, using song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) experiencing natural variation in relatedness. As predicted, male and female feeding rates increased with relatedness to a dependent brood, even controlling for brood size. Male feeding rate tended to decrease as paternity loss increased, and increased with increasing kinship and hence inbreeding between socially paired mates. We thereby demonstrate that variation in a key component of parental care concurs with subtle predictions from inclusive fitness theory. We additionally highlight that such effects can depend on the underlying social mating system, potentially generating status-specific costs of extra-pair reproduction.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECT OF CARE AS AN ATTRIBUTE OF MATURE RELATIONSHIPS

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
T.V. Slotina ◽  
M.V. Karagacheva ◽  
A.V. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
Pedagogical Aspect ◽  
The Relationship

Within the process of developing relationships, the category of "care" is considered as one of the attributes of achieving mature relationships. In keeping with the concept of V.N. Myasishchev, the definitions of the "relationship" and "care" categories are substantiated. The pedagogical aspect of care in the relationship in the system child - teacher - collective is touched upon. The studentship period is analyzed as an important stage in the development of maturity in the system of relationships. The reliance on the conceptual approaches to the education by Academician I.P. Ivanov is made. Care corresponds to the concept of responsibility. It is proposed to substantiate the need for the development of humanistic relationships through the inclusion of all subjects of these relationships in care for one another and about themselves. The results of empirical studies of child, counselor, students’ images are presented as well as reflective images of students. Also there are the results of the study, proving that the expression of parental care for the child ensures his psychological well-being.

scholarly journals Networks of reliable reputations and cooperation: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Takács ◽  
Jörg Gross ◽  
Martina Testori ◽  
Srebrenka Letina ◽  
Adam R. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Network Topologies

Reputation has been shown to provide an informal solution to the problem of cooperation in human societies. After reviewing models that connect reputations and cooperation, we address how reputation results from information exchange embedded in a social network that changes endogenously itself. Theoretical studies highlight that network topologies have different effects on the extent of cooperation, since they can foster or hinder the flow of reputational information. Subsequently, we review models and empirical studies that intend to grasp the coevolution of reputations, cooperation and social networks. We identify open questions in the literature concerning how networks affect the accuracy of reputations, the honesty of shared information and the spread of reputational information. Certain network topologies may facilitate biased beliefs and intergroup competition or in-group identity formation that could lead to high cooperation within but conflicts between different subgroups of a network. Our review covers theoretical, experimental and field studies across various disciplines that target these questions and could explain how the dynamics of interactions and reputations help or prevent the establishment and sustainability of cooperation in small- and large-scale societies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

A Scoping Review of Resilience-Focused Interventions of Kunjing Children in Mainland China

2020 ◽  
pp. 104973152098267
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Qingzhu Zhang ◽  
Yao Fan ◽  
Jun Sung Hong
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
English Studies ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Current State ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Comprehensive Search

Purpose: Kunjing children refer to those who endure harsh living conditions due to family poverty, health problems, and lack of parental care in Mainland China. This scoping review aims to explore interventions promoting the resilience of kunjing children in China. Method: Both Chinese and English studies published by January 2020 were reviewed through a comprehensive search of articles in Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. Empirical studies targeting resilience-focused interventions for kunjing children in China were selected. Results: A total of 12 studies were reviewed. Seven studies tested interventions involving only kunjing children, and the other five involved both children and parents/caregivers. Children with health problems and those who lack parental care participated in the programs, but children in poverty were absent. Group-based interventions were the most commonly used programs, which were effective. Conclusion: The current state of intervention studies calls for programs that promote resilience of kunjing children and their parents/caregivers.

scholarly journals Lysine Acetylation in Sexual Stage Malaria Parasites Is a Target for Antimalarial Small Molecules

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 3666-3678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Trenholme ◽  
Linda Marek ◽  
Sandra Duffy ◽  
Gabriele Pradel ◽  
Gillian Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Hdac Inhibitors ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Lysine Acetylation ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Drug Leads ◽  
Early Late

ABSTRACTTherapies to prevent transmission of malaria parasites to the mosquito vector are a vital part of the global malaria elimination agenda. Primaquine is currently the only drug with such activity; however, its use is limited by side effects. The development of transmission-blocking strategies requires an understanding of sexual stage malaria parasite (gametocyte) biology and the identification of new drug leads. Lysine acetylation is an important posttranslational modification involved in regulating eukaryotic gene expression and other essential processes. Interfering with this process with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is a validated strategy for cancer and other diseases, including asexual stage malaria parasites. Here we confirm the expression of at least one HDAC protein inPlasmodium falciparumgametocytes and show that histone and nonhistone protein acetylation occurs in this life cycle stage. The activity of the canonical HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Vorinostat) and a panel of novel HDAC inhibitors on early/late-stage gametocytes and on gamete formation was examined. Several compounds displayed early/late-stage gametocytocidal activity, with TSA being the most potent (50% inhibitory concentration, 70 to 90 nM). In contrast, no inhibitory activity was observed inP. falciparumgametocyte exflagellation experiments. Gametocytocidal HDAC inhibitors caused hyperacetylation of gametocyte histones, consistent with a mode of action targeting HDAC activity. Our data identify HDAC inhibitors as being among a limited number of compounds that target both asexual and sexual stage malaria parasites, making them a potential new starting point for gametocytocidal drug leads and valuable tools for dissecting gametocyte biology.

scholarly journals Social genetic effects (IGE) and genetic intra- and intersexual genetic correlation contribute to the total heritable variance in parental care

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schroeder ◽  
Hannah Louise Dugdale ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa ◽  
Alex Sparks ◽  
Terry Burke
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Male Trait ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Social

The social environment can influence phenotypes through indirect genetic effects (IGEs), whereby genetic variance among interacting individuals explains some of the phenotypic variance. Empirical studies of wild populations often ignore IGEs especially among unrelated individuals, probably due to data limitations. This is problematic because IGEs can crucially affect estimates of heritable variation and subsequently influence the predicted evolutionary change. We here present a quantitative genetic analysis of biparental care in a natural bird population using a genetic pedigree. For both sexes, the conventionally calculated repeatability (15% in the female trait and 19% in the male trait) was lower than the total heritable variation including IGEs (24% in the female trait, and 25% in the male trait). These estimates of total heritable variation was also larger compared to conventionally calculated heritability (13% in both sexes), suggesting that parental care can evolve through social selection. Furthermore, we detected statistically significant genetic covariance between direct genetic effects, and between IGEs and direct genetic effects. Our work showcases how IGEs can represent substantial and important hidden heritable variance and highlights the importance of considering IGEs for theoretical models of parental care for ecology and evolution.

scholarly journals Tricking Parents: A Review of Mechanisms and Signals of Host Manipulation by Brood-Parasitic Young

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Rojas Ripari ◽  
Cynthia A. Ursino ◽  
Juan C. Reboreda ◽  
María C. De Mársico
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Manipulation ◽  
Sensory Exploitation ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Parental Feeding

Obligate avian brood parasites depend entirely on heterospecific hosts for rearing their offspring. From hatching until independence, the young parasites must deal with the challenge of obtaining sufficient parental care from foster parents that are attuned to provisioning their own offspring. Parent-offspring communication is mediated by complex begging displays in which nestlings and fledglings exhibit visual (e.g., gaping and postures) and vocal (e.g., begging calls) traits that serve as signals to parents to adjust and allocate parental effort. Parasites can manipulate host parental behavior by exploiting these stable parent-offspring communication systems in their favor. During the past 30 years, the study of host exploitation by parasitic chicks has yielded important insights into the function and evolution of manipulative signals in brood parasites. However, despite these major advances, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about how parasitic nestling and fledglings tune into the host’s communication channels and the adaptive value of the visual and acoustic signals they exhibit. Here we review the literature pertaining to host manipulation by parasitic young, focusing on four non-mutually exclusive mechanisms (i.e., host chick mimicry, begging exaggeration, host-attuned begging calls, and sensory exploitation) and the function and evolution of the signals involved, with the aim to summarize and discuss putative adaptations for stimulating parental feeding and escaping host discrimination. Finally, we bring some concluding remarks and suggest directions for future research on the ways in which brood parasites adapt to the communication systems of other birds to exploit the necessary parental care.

scholarly journals Association of rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease with plausible early & late-stage disease markers

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Chakraborti ◽  
Subendu Sarkar ◽  
Mukul Rastogi ◽  
Priyanka Chaudhary ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Disease Markers ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Late Stage Disease ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

The Efficacy of Pentamidine in the Treatment of Early-Late Stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosomiasis *

1996 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Doua ◽  
J. R. Sanon Singaro ◽  
F. Boa Yapo ◽  
T. W. Miezan ◽  
T. Baltz
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense ◽  
Early Late

“Early impact” of the lung cancer screening in United States population in the SEER Registries.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1569-1569
Author(s):  
Isabel M Emmerick ◽  
John M. Varlotto ◽  
Maggie M Powers ◽  
Feiran Lou ◽  
Poliana Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Patient Subgroups

1569 Background: The Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated improved overall survival (OS) and lung cancer specific survival (LCSS), likely due to finding early-stage NSCLC. Our study investigates the impact of the NLST publication in 2011 on the lung cancer outcomes in the general US Population by assessing the incidence rates, ratio of early/late stage, and lung cancer mortality in the years immediately prior to and following this publication. Methods: Rate sessions from the SEER18 database were accessed during the years 2008-2015. We analyzed overall lung cancer incidence and mortality rates. The ratio of early/late stage was obtained by dividing the number of stage I and II cases by the number of stage III and IV diagnosed by year. We investigate changes in level and trend using interrupted time series in STATA12, considering 2011 as the intervention. In addition, we performed a T-test for averages ratios comparing the years 2007-2010 to the years 2012-2015 for the entire lung cancer population and for subgroups by median family, ethnicity, Sex, Age and SEER Registry. Results: Although the overall lung cancer rates remained stable during the study period, a significant increase in the ratio of early/late stage was observed following the release of NLST for the overall lung cancer population (p=0.006) and for the screening age group (p= 0.014). The effects of ratio of early/late stage as noted in the overall group persisted for all patient subgroups, except for patients associated with a median income <$40,000, for those there were white, and for the following regions Detroit Metro, Iowa, Greater and Rural Georgia and Louisiana where no association was found between the release of the NLST changes in the ratios of early detection even more, in some cases there was a decrease in late stage detection. There was no impact on lung cancer mortality in the general lung cancer population or in any patient subgroups. Conclusions: Since the publication of the NLST in 2011, there has been no impact on lung cancer mortality or incidence of lung cancer in the general US population. However, favorable increase in the proportion of early stage lung cancers, depending upon median family income, race and location. We expected a greater impact of lung cancer screening after 2015 since CT-screening for lung cancer was adopted by CMS and other insurances during that year.

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