scholarly journals Intense ultrasonic clicks from echolocating toothed whales do not elicit anti–predator responses or debilitate the squid Loligo pealeii

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wilson ◽  
Roger T Hanlon ◽  
Peter L Tyack ◽  
Peter T Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Toothed Whale ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Loligo Pealeii ◽  
Sound Pulses ◽  
Predator Behaviour

Toothed whales use intense ultrasonic clicks to echolocate prey and it has been hypothesized that they also acoustically debilitate their prey with these intense sound pulses to facilitate capture. Cephalopods are an important food source for toothed whales, and there has probably been an evolutionary selection pressure on cephalopods to develop a mechanism for detecting and evading sound–emitting toothed whale predators. Ultrasonic detection has evolved in some insects to avoid echolocating bats, and it can be hypothesized that cephalopods might have evolved similar ultrasound detection as an anti–predation measure. We test this hypothesis in the squid Loligo pealeii in a playback experiment using intense echolocation clicks from two squid–eating toothed whale species. Twelve squid were exposed to clicks at two repetition rates (16 and 125 clicks per second) with received sound pressure levels of 199–226 dB re 1 μPa (pp) mimicking the sound exposure from an echolocating toothed whale as it approaches and captures prey. We demonstrate that intense ultrasonic clicks do not elicit any detectable anti–predator behaviour in L. pealeii and that clicks with received levels up to 226 dB re 1 μPa (pp) do not acoustically debilitate this cephalopod species.

Pigeonpea as an important food source

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Salunkhe ◽  
J. K. Chavan ◽  
S. S. Kadam ◽  
N. R. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Important Food Source

Evaluation of By-Products of Potato Peel as Food Additive

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferhat Yuksel ◽  
Aysun Durmaz
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Potato Peel ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
By Products

: The potato plant is an important food source produced all over the world and it provides a significant portion of daily energy intake in nourishment. In addition, a significant rate of vitamins, fibre, mineral matters, protein, and fat can be obtained by consuming potato. In this study, the production, consumption, and usage areas of potato, a crucial source of our diet, and the possibilities of using it as food additives with the nutritional properties of its peel have been investigated. Generally, potato is consumed after its peel is removed in the homes and industrial areas and many of these peels are disposed off as wastes. Studies show that potato peel has a high content of dietary fibre, protein, carbohydrate, mineral matters, vitamin, phenolic, and antioxidant. The use of potato peel as food additives have also been discussed in this study.

scholarly journals Fruit ontogeny of Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Eglaé Camargo Asinelli ◽  
Maria Conceição de Souza ◽  
Káthia Socorro Mathias Mourão
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Fruit Type ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Yellowish Orange ◽  
Secretory Ducts

Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) is a small to medium-sized tree that usually occurs on the floodplains of the Paraná River and it is an important food source for the local inhabitants. The fruit itself is consumed in natura, and juices and sweets are made from it. The purpose of this study was to describe morphological and structural aspects of fruits and seeds of this species in order to classify the fruit type and the pulpy layer which involves the seeds. The material analyzed consisted of ovary and fruits in different stages of development, collected from five plants from Aurélio Island, Baía River (MS, BR) and the description was done according to standard procedures in anatomy. The fruit is a yellowish-orange spherical berry ("bacóide" type). The smooth, coriaceous skin consists of the lignified exocarp. The endocarp cell layers are derived from the activity of an adaxial meristem that undergoes radial elongation. The edible sweet white pulp is formed by the endocarp, as well as the spongy mesocarp, in which the secretory ducts lose their function. The unitegmic anatropous ovules develop into anatropous exalbuminous seeds with a collapsed and undifferentiated testa. The embryo is hypocotylar. The features here described generally occur in Clusioideae-Garcinieae and Symphonieae.

Oceanographic factors influencing the distribution of South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis around the Falkland Islands before the breeding season

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1597-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Laptikhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
South American ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
South West ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Productive Zone

Distribution of fur seals Arctocephalus australis has been studied in October 2007 on the western, southern and eastern Falkland shelves during the survey of spawning grounds of the red cod, Salilota australis. Fur seals presence/absence, numbers and sex were recorded at every oceanographic station. Animals were found foraging on the shelf edge south-west of the islands, in a productive zone with quasi-stationary eddies at a periphery of upwelling. It was also the zone of maximum abundance of lobster-krill, Munida spp.—an important food source of fur seals and aggregations of both red cod and blue whiting, Micromesistius australis. No fur seals were found in waters of the relative cold and saline Falkland Current as well as in the relatively warm, fresh and oxygen-rich waters of Argentine Drift. It allows supposing that position and extension of the foraging grounds are caused by oceanographic features determining distribution of prey species.

Anthropomorphism and Anthropomorphic Selection—Beyond the "Cute Response"

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Providers ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Human Side ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Health And Well Being

AbstractThis article explores the origin and evolutionary implications of anthropomorphism in the context of our relationships with animal companions. On the human side, anthropomorphic thinking enables animal companions' social behavior to be construed in human terms, thereby allowing these nonhuman animals to function for their human owners or guardians as providers of nonhuman social support. Absence of social support is known to be detrimental to human health and well being. Therefore, anthropomorphism and its corollary, pet keeping, have obvious biological fitness implications. On the animal side, anthropomorphism constitutes a unique evolutionary selection pressure, analogous to sexual selection, which has molded the appearance, anatomy, and behavior of companion animal species so as to adapt them to their unusual ecological niche as social support providers. Although such species undoubtedly have benefited numerically from the effects of this process, the consequences of anthropomorphism are less benign when viewed from the perspective of individual animals. Indeed, anthropomorphic selection probably is responsible for some of the more severe welfare problems currently found in companion animals.

Prescribed burning in a Eucalyptus woodland suppresses fruiting of hypogeous fungi, an important food source for mammals

2006 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1333-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Trappe ◽  
A.O. Nicholls ◽  
Andrew W. Claridge ◽  
Steven J. Cork
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Hypogeous Fungi ◽  
Important Food Source

Diet composition and food habits of Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae) from the Gulf of Gabès (Central Mediterranean)

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 2257-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda Chaouch ◽  
Olfa Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida ◽  
Mohamed Ghorbel ◽  
Othman Jarboui
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Gulf Of Gabes ◽  
Diplodus Puntazzo ◽  
Gulf Of Gabès ◽  
Important Food Source

The diet and feeding habits of the sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo, from the Gulf of Gabès were investigated using stomach contents of 490 specimens ranging from 12.6 cm to 26.1 cm total length in size and from 29.95 g to 230.83 g in weight collected from commercial catches between April 2008 and March 2009. Of the total number of examined stomachs, 279 were empty (%VI = 56.94). This percentage varied significantly with months, attaining a maximum in spring (74.88%) and a minimum in autumn (37.38%). Eight major taxa were identified (Plantae, Spongia, Tunicata, Echinodermata, Crustacea, Annelida, Mollusca and Teleostei) in stomach contents of D. puntazzo. Plants were the most important food source, constituting 89.88% of the total Index of relative importance. The other groups, such as teleosts, molluscs, crustaceans and annelids represented accessory food. Significant differences in diet were observed in relation to season. Plants were the most important food source item in all seasons, especially during the autumn. The estimation of trophic level gave an average of 2.57 ± 0.2 for the whole population of D. puntazzo in the Gulf of Gabès. Based on the composition of its diet, this species may be considered as an omnivorous fish with a preference for vegetable material, and showing specialist feeding strategy.

scholarly journals Seasons of Change: Using Seasonal Morphological Changes in Brodiaea Corms to Determine Season of Harvest from Archaeobotanical Remains

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Santa Cruz Island ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Archaeobotanical Remains ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Ethnographic Data

AbstractI present archaeobotanical evidence for intensive and long-term harvesting of edible geophytes in the Brodiaea complex, most likely blue dicks (Dichelostemma capitatum), during multiple seasons on California’s Santa Cruz Island. Ethnographic data indicate that Brodiaea corms were an important food source throughout prehistoric California, usually harvested in the late spring–early summer, after flowering. However, at least two ethnographic sources may suggest multiple seasons of harvest, an idea supported by careful examination of seasonal morphological changes in modern and ancient Brodiaea corms. Archaeobotanical identification of features associated with these morphological changes allows inferences about the specific seasons in which Brodiaea corms were harvested, a conclusion that has the potential to provide higher resolution seasonality data for geophyte remains recovered in western North America and other areas around the world.

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