scholarly journals If there is an evolutionary selection pressure for the high frequency ofMBL2polymorphisms, what is it?

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Eisen ◽  
M. Osthoff
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Evolutionary Selection

Anthropomorphism and Anthropomorphic Selection—Beyond the "Cute Response"

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Providers ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Human Side ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Health And Well Being

AbstractThis article explores the origin and evolutionary implications of anthropomorphism in the context of our relationships with animal companions. On the human side, anthropomorphic thinking enables animal companions' social behavior to be construed in human terms, thereby allowing these nonhuman animals to function for their human owners or guardians as providers of nonhuman social support. Absence of social support is known to be detrimental to human health and well being. Therefore, anthropomorphism and its corollary, pet keeping, have obvious biological fitness implications. On the animal side, anthropomorphism constitutes a unique evolutionary selection pressure, analogous to sexual selection, which has molded the appearance, anatomy, and behavior of companion animal species so as to adapt them to their unusual ecological niche as social support providers. Although such species undoubtedly have benefited numerically from the effects of this process, the consequences of anthropomorphism are less benign when viewed from the perspective of individual animals. Indeed, anthropomorphic selection probably is responsible for some of the more severe welfare problems currently found in companion animals.

Patterns of evolutionary selection pressure in the immune signaling protein TRAF3IP2 in mammals

Gene ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 531 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baojun Wu ◽  
Jing Gong ◽  
Shoudao Yuan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Tiandi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Signaling Protein ◽  
Evolutionary Selection

scholarly journals Effect of the Selection Pressure of Vaccine Antibodies on Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong SU ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Lirong Zheng ◽  
Shifeng Wang ◽  
Huoying Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Gene Variation ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Plaque Purification ◽  
Prevention Method

Abstract H9N2 avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, and vaccination with an inactivated virus is currently the major prevention method in China. To further understand the effect of the selection pressure from antibodies on the evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus, F/98 (A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98), which is the vaccine representative of H9N2 avian influenza virus in East China, was used for serial passaging for 20 generations in chickens with and without vaccination. After plaque purification from trachea and lung tissues, 390 quasispecies were obtained. The second-generation quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies had undergone 100% antigen variation, while after passaging to the fifth generation, only 30-40% of the quasispecies displayed antigen variation when there was no selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, implying that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of F/98. We found for the first time that there were three mutation hotspots in the HA genes of the quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, which were K131R, A168T, and N201D. Moreover, under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, 10 amino acids (67-76) of the NA protein of all quasispecies were deleted, and PB2 of the quasispecies had undergone a high-frequency R355K mutation. However, without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, NP had undergone two high-frequency mutations, namely, V186I and L466I, and a high-frequency mutation of L77I appeared in the NS gene. This result shows that the vaccine antibody selection pressure could control and regulate gene variation of the F/98 virus. Compared to that of the parental virus F/98, the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies did not change, while the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies was significantly enhanced by 794 times. Furthermore, the twentieth passaged virus with selection pressure from vaccine antibodies lost its lethal ability in embryonated chicken eggs, whereas the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies increased to 6.3 times that of the F/98 strain. All the above results show that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of H9N2 avian influenza virus and plays a role in regulating and controlling gene mutation of H9N2 avian influenza virus.

scholarly journals Protein-Coding Genes of Helicobacter pylori Predominantly Present Purifying Selection though Many Membrane Proteins Suffer from Selection Pressure: A Proposal to Analyze Bacterial Pangenomes

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Alejandro Rubio ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
The Core ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Selection For

The current availability of complete genome sequences has allowed knowing that bacterial genomes can bear genes not present in the genome of all the strains from a specific species. So, the genes shared by all the strains comprise the core of the species, but the pangenome can be much greater and usually includes genes appearing in one only strain. Once the pangenome of a species is estimated, other studies can be undertaken to generate new knowledge, such as the study of the evolutionary selection for protein-coding genes. Most of the genes of a pangenome are expected to be subject to purifying selection that assures the conservation of function, especially those in the core group. However, some genes can be subject to selection pressure, such as genes involved in virulence that need to escape to the host immune system, which is more common in the accessory group of the pangenome. We analyzed 180 strains of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa of half the world population and presents a low number of genes (around 1500 in a strain and 3000 in the pangenome). After the estimation of the pangenome, the evolutionary selection for each gene has been calculated, and we found that 85% of them are subject to purifying selection and the remaining genes present some grade of selection pressure. As expected, the latter group is enriched with genes encoding for membrane proteins putatively involved in interaction to host tissues. In addition, this group also presents a high number of uncharacterized genes and genes encoding for putative spurious proteins. It suggests that they could be false positives from the gene finders used for identifying them. All these results propose that this kind of analyses can be useful to validate gene predictions and functionally characterize proteins in complete genomes.

scholarly journals Intense ultrasonic clicks from echolocating toothed whales do not elicit anti–predator responses or debilitate the squid Loligo pealeii

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wilson ◽  
Roger T Hanlon ◽  
Peter L Tyack ◽  
Peter T Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Toothed Whale ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Loligo Pealeii ◽  
Sound Pulses ◽  
Predator Behaviour

Toothed whales use intense ultrasonic clicks to echolocate prey and it has been hypothesized that they also acoustically debilitate their prey with these intense sound pulses to facilitate capture. Cephalopods are an important food source for toothed whales, and there has probably been an evolutionary selection pressure on cephalopods to develop a mechanism for detecting and evading sound–emitting toothed whale predators. Ultrasonic detection has evolved in some insects to avoid echolocating bats, and it can be hypothesized that cephalopods might have evolved similar ultrasound detection as an anti–predation measure. We test this hypothesis in the squid Loligo pealeii in a playback experiment using intense echolocation clicks from two squid–eating toothed whale species. Twelve squid were exposed to clicks at two repetition rates (16 and 125 clicks per second) with received sound pressure levels of 199–226 dB re 1 μPa (pp) mimicking the sound exposure from an echolocating toothed whale as it approaches and captures prey. We demonstrate that intense ultrasonic clicks do not elicit any detectable anti–predator behaviour in L. pealeii and that clicks with received levels up to 226 dB re 1 μPa (pp) do not acoustically debilitate this cephalopod species.

Evolutionary selection pressure and family relationships among connexin genes

2007 ◽  
Vol 388 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Cruciani ◽  
Svein-Ole Mikalsen
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Intracellular Loop ◽  
Conserved Domains ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Variable Domains ◽  
Connexin Genes ◽  
Strict Selection

Abstract We suggest an extension of connexin orthology relationships across the major vertebrate lineages. We first show that the conserved domains of mammalian connexins (encoding the N-terminus, four transmembrane domains and two extracellular loops) are subjected to a considerably more strict selection pressure than the full-length sequences or the variable domains (the intracellular loop and C-terminal tail). Therefore, the conserved domains are more useful for the study of family relationships over larger evolutionary distances. The conserved domains of connexins were collected from chicken, Xenopus tropicalis, zebrafish, pufferfish, green spotted pufferfish, Ciona intestinalis and Halocynthia pyriformis (two tunicates). A total of 305 connexin sequences were included in this analysis. Phylogenetic trees were constructed, from which the orthologies and the presumed evolutionary relationships between the sequences were deduced. The tunicate connexins studied had the closest, but still distant, relationships to vertebrate connexin36, 39.2, 43.4, 45 and 47. The main structure in the connexin family known from mammals pre-dates the divergence of bony fishes, but some additional losses and gains of connexin sequences have occurred in the evolutionary lineages of subsequent vertebrates. Thus, the connexin gene family probably originated in the early evolution of chordates, and underwent major restructuring with regard to gene and subfamily structures (including the number of genes in each subfamily) during early vertebrate evolution.

The defensive function of auditory enhancers in the neotropical moth Antaea lichyi (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2042-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Fullard
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
New World ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Receptor Neuron ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
The Family ◽  
Auditory Receptor

The neotropical moth Antaea lichyi Franclemont (Notodontidae) has pinna-like structures that increase its auditory sensitivity to sounds above 70 kHz. The functional adaptiveness of these structures was tested by examining the response of the moth's single auditory receptor neuron, with its cups in normal and altered positions, to prerecorded echolation signals of three sympatric, insectivorous bats. The results indicate that these auditory adaptations enhance detection of the short, high frequency calls emitted by certain insectivorous species in the family Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats). I suggest that these bats, although not the primary chiropteran predators of moths, exert enough selection pressure to warrant the evolution of auditory adaptations in sympatric moths.

scholarly journals Effect of the Selection Pressure of Vaccine Antibodies on Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong SU ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Lirong Zheng ◽  
Shifeng Wang ◽  
Huoying Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Gene Variation ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Plaque Purification ◽  
Prevention Method

Abstract H9N2 avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, and vaccination with an inactivated virus is currently the major prevention method in China. To further understand the effect of the selection pressure from antibodies on the evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus, F/98 (A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98), which is the vaccine representative of H9N2 avian influenza virus in East China, was used for serial passaging for 20 generations in chickens with and without vaccination. After plaque purification from trachea and lung tissues, 390 quasispecies were obtained. The second-generation quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies had undergone 100% antigen variation, while after passaging to the fifth generation, only 30-40% of the quasispecies displayed antigen variation when there was no selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, implying that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of F/98. We found for the first time that there were three mutation hotspots in the HA genes of the quasispecies under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, which were K131R, A168T, and N201D. Moreover, under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, 10 amino acids (67-76) of the NA protein of all quasispecies were deleted, and PB2 of the quasispecies had undergone a high-frequency R355K mutation. However, without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies, NP had undergone two high-frequency mutations, namely, V186I and L466I, and a high-frequency mutation of L77I appeared in the NS gene. This result shows that the vaccine antibody selection pressure could control and regulate gene variation of the F/98 virus. Compared to that of the parental virus F/98, the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus under the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies did not change, while the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies was significantly enhanced by 794 times. Furthermore, the twentieth passaged virus with selection pressure from vaccine antibodies lost its lethal ability in embryonated chicken eggs, whereas the EID 50 of the twentieth passaged virus without selection pressure of vaccine antibodies increased to 6.3 times that of the F/98 strain. All the above results show that the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies promotes the antigen variation of H9N2 avian influenza virus and plays a role in regulating and controlling gene mutation of H9N2 avian influenza virus.

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