scholarly journals Ocean acidification changes the vertical movement of stone crab larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 20190414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Gravinese ◽  
Ian C. Enochs ◽  
Derek P. Manzello ◽  
Robert van Woesik
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Larval Transport ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Stone Crab ◽  
Seawater Ph

Anthropogenic activities are increasing ocean temperature and decreasing ocean pH. Some coastal habitats are experiencing increases in organic runoff, which when coupled with a loss of vegetated coastline can accelerate reductions in seawater pH. Marine larvae that hatch in coastal habitats may not have the ability to respond to elevated temperature and changes in seawater pH. This study examined the response of Florida stone crab ( Menippe mercenaria ) larvae to elevated temperature (30°C control and 32°C treatment) and CO 2 -induced reductions in pH (8.05 pH control and 7.80 pH treatment). We determined whether those singular and simultaneous stressors affect larval vertical movement at two developmental stages. Geotactic responses varied between larval stages. The direction and rate of the vertical displacement of larvae were dependent on pH rather than temperature. Stage III larvae swam upwards under ambient pH conditions, but swam downwards at a faster rate under reduced pH. There was no observable change in the directional movement of Stage V larvae. The reversal in orientation by Stage III larvae may limit larval transport in habitats that experience reduced pH and could pose challenges for the northward dispersal of stone crabs as coastal temperatures warm.

Effects of seawater pH and temperature on foraging behavior of the Japanese stone crab Charybdis japonica

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangli Wu ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Shuaikang Cui ◽  
Zhe Xie ◽  
Sam Dupont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Stone Crab ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Charybdis Japonica

scholarly journals Possible mechanism of the formation of the Jichechang ground fissure in Datong, China, based on in-situ observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruichun Liu ◽  
Chengsheng Yang ◽  
Qingliang Wang ◽  
Lingyun Ji
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Ground Fissure ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Term Monitoring

AbstractThe Datong region of China suffers from severe ground fissure (GF) disasters. The Jichechang ground fissure (JGF) is typical among the GFs in Datong and is the most active. To provide scientific guidance for disaster mitigation, understanding the mechanisms governing GF activity in Datong needs to be improved. Here, long-term monitoring data (> 10 years) for the JGF are used to study the characteristics of its activity. The results show that the formation of GFs is mainly controlled by concealed faults. The JGF is mainly active in the vertical direction, with a differential vertical displacement 2.5 times greater than the horizontal displacement. The GF activity is periodic, with a periodicity of 320–420 days, which corresponds to the cycle of local agricultural irrigation. The JGF is especially active in June and July. The vertical activity of this fissure also displays a distinct quasi-periodic step-like displacement acceleration with a duration of 18–38 days. Numerical simulations show that irrigation pumping within 10 km of the JGF has a significant effect on the vertical movement of GFs. These results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms governing GF activity in this area and provide a valuable reference for the study of GFs in other regions.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of hard and tender fruit spines of cucumber to identify genes involved in morphological development of fruit spines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duo Lv ◽  
Yao Yu ◽  
Liang-Rong Xiong ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Jin-An Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Polar Transport ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Auxin Polar Transport

Abstract Background: The trichomes of cucumber fruits are also called spines. Cucumber has important commercial value, and its fruit spines represent a classical tissue with which to study the cell division and differentiation mode of multicellular trichomes. Although there have been many studies on the development of unicellular trichomes in model plants, the molecular mechanism of multicellular trichome formation remains elusive. In this study, we used a pair of cucumber materials defined as having hard (Ts, wild type) or tender (ts, mutant) spines in a previous study. The whole developmental process of fruit spines was continuously observed by microscopy and SEM. In an attempt to define the developmental stages of fruit spines, transcriptome profiles at different stages were determined to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of spine development. Results: According to significant phenotypic differences, the developmental process of fruit spines was clearly defined as involving four stages. Comparison of transcriptome profiles showed that 803 and 722 genes were upregulated in the stalk (stage II and stage III) and base (stage IV) developmental stages of fruit spines, respectively. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that for all developmental stages of fruit spines, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and signal transduction were the most noticeable pathways. However, during the development of the stalk, genes related to auxin polar transport and HD-ZIP transcription factors were significantly upregulated. bHLH transcription factors and cytoskeleton-related genes were significantly upregulated during the development of the base. In addition, stage III was the key point for differentiating between the wild type and mutant. We detected 628 DEGs between the wild type and mutant at this stage. These DEGs are mainly involved in calcium signaling of the cytoskeleton and auxin polar transport, indicating that the main reason for the disorder of the fruit spine developmental pattern in the mutant was a change in cell polarity caused by blocked intercellular signal transmission.Conclusions: Our study defines in great detail the developmental stages of cucumber fruit spines. At the same time, transcriptome profiles are used to present the gene regulatory networks at different developmental stages of cucumber fruit spines. In addition, we analyzed transcriptomic data of a wild type and mutant to elucidate the biological pathways involving C-type lectin receptor-like kinase that regulate the development of fruit spines.

scholarly journals Developmental Stage Affects Nutrient Uptake by Four Snapdragon Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1008-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Hood ◽  
Harry A. Mills ◽  
Paul A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Bud Initiation

Nutrient uptake by `Apache', `Jersey City', `Peoria', and `Philadelphia' snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.) was compared at three developmental stages: Stage I, vegetative to bud initiation; Stage II, bud initiation to visible bud; and Stage III, visible bud to anthesis. Significant differences in uptake occurred between one or more developmental stages for all nutrients tested: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{N},\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{NB}\) \end{document}, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, and Zn. Uptake of most of the nutrients increased or remained high during Stage III. These results indicate that the current cultural practice of stopping fertilization at bud elongation should be reexamined. Differences in uptake between cultivars were found only for \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{N}\) \end{document}, as uptake by `Apache' was significantly higher than uptake by `Philadelphia'.

Vertical movement at the Alpine-Carpathian border (Hainburg Hills) calculated from numerical ages of cave sediments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Plan ◽  
Stephanie Neuhuber ◽  
Susanne Gier ◽  
Esther Hintersberger ◽  
Christopher Lüthgens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Age Dating ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Pristine Sample ◽  
Aeolian Deposits ◽  
Bedrock Surface

<p>The Hainburg Hills form an elevated range at the south of the Male Karpaty mountains and separate the Vienna Basin from the Danube Basin. They consist of Variscian magmatic and metamorphic rocks covered with anchimetamorphic Mesozoic carbonates. The area west of the Hainburg Hills is well-known for its thermal sulfuric spa since Roman times. About 30 karst caves have been mapped in the area that show signs of hydrothermal or sulphuric acid speleogenesis.</p><p>Two of these caves vertically separated by 92 m were numerically dated using terrestrial cosmogenic <sup>26</sup>Al and <sup>10</sup>Be in quartz washed into a cave and <sup>230</sup>Th/U of calcite rafts. In addition, aeolian cover sediments were investigated using luminescence age dating.</p><p>The upper c. 15 m wide and c. 20 m high cave chamber was completely filled with large, well-rounded quartz cobbles in a red matrix. The matrix contains over 30% clay and consists of quartz, K-feldspar, muscovite, chlorite, hematite, kaolinite, illite, and smectite. The occurrence of smectite in combination with the small grain size indicates soil forming processes in the B-horizon. We conclude that fluvial gravels –similar to modern ones of the Danube river - were transported into the cave together with a matrix originating from a soil cover. In-situ produced cosmogenic <sup>10</sup>Be and <sup>26</sup>Al in five quartz cobbles was used to calculate the time of sediment emplacement into the cave. Results indicate a depositional age of c. 4.5 Ma using the isochron technique.</p><p>The lower cave was investigated using calcite rafts that form at the surface of cave pools using the <sup>230</sup>Th/U dating method. One sample of thin, sharp-edged, and uncoated cave rafts gave the youngest age of c.0.32 Ma. Two other samples were more overgrown and gave older ages between 0.38 and 0.44 Ma. The pristine sample is best suited to reflect the time when the base level was close to the cave.</p><p>Rates of vertical displacement vary between 30 and 35 m/Ma for the last 4 Ma and between 150 and 160 m/Ma for the last 0.32 Ma and document an increase of uplift/incision for the region. These numbers compare well to published rates from the unglaciated surroundings that also range from a maximum of 140 m/Ma to a minimum of 20-25 m/Ma and are generally much lower compared to formerly glaciated areas in the Alps and GPS measured uplift (c. 1000 m/Ma).</p><p>The luminescence age of 14.6 ± 0.1 ka recorded in cover sands show that sediments they overly much older gravels. This implies sediments were repeatedly eroded from the top of the karstified bedrock surface. The aeolian sediments are primarily preserved in depressions within the bedrock surface. Therefore, the age may represent the end of a phase of intense aeolian activity when wind velocities decreased sufficiently to cause sand accumulation. This period is the peak in Western and Central Europe periglacial activity and accompanied by formation of aeolian deposits. The ages are comparable to aeolian deposits in the Vienna Basin area and cover sediments from the Transdanubian Range.</p>

scholarly journals Design and Manufacturing Loading Rig Machine for Testing Screw Pile Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.20) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood R. Mahmood ◽  
Asad H. Humaish ◽  
Mustafa K. Khalaf
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Cohesionless Soil ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Tension Load ◽  
Screw Pile

The main objective of this paper is to design, manufacturing and testing of new loading rig machine to install and testing (i.e. compression and tension load capacity) of screw pile models in both cohesive and cohesionless soil layers. The mainframe  was fabricated from thick steel sections, 8mm steel plates that welded together to construct a heavy and strong frame, that able to resist the expected loads during installation (linear and rotational movement at the same time) and testing of the screw pile models (model of loading test). Two independent gearbox motors (actuators) are used to supply the rotational and vertical movement.  To provide precise control of velocity, the master gearbox motor, that can convert the rotary motion to a linear motion for vertical displacement  along two screw bars via two ball screw systems,  and four stainless guided rods to prevent rotation or inclination the bearing plate (rig) which manufactured from high stiffness stainless-steel was used. The second gearbox motor (‘slave’) mounted on the bottom loading plate that rotates the multi-plate screw pile. It was observed that the measured compression and tension load capacity of screw pile models illustrated the actual behavior of such kind of piles and this machine can be used in both conventional piles (i.e. pipe piles) and screw pile model.  

scholarly journals Technical note: On the importance of a three-dimensional approach for modelling the transport of neustic microplastics

Ocean Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Jalón-Rojas ◽  
Xiao-Hua Wang ◽  
Erick Fredj
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Coastal System ◽  
Vertical Turbulence

Abstract. Understanding and estimating the distribution and transport of microplastics in marine environments has been recognized as a major global research issue. Most of the existing research on transport modelling has focused on low-density particles floating in surface waters, using a 2-D Lagrangian approach and ignoring the vertical displacement of particles. In this work, we evaluate to what extent the vertical movement of particles within surface waters by mixing processes may affect the horizontal transport and fate of microplastics. The aim is to determine whether a 2-D approach is sufficient for the accurate modelling of neustic-microplastics transport or whether a 3-D approach is necessary. For this purpose, we compare visually and statistically the microplastics transport patterns of three simulations in a coastal system: one using a 2-D approach; and two using a 3-D approach with weak and strong vertical turbulence, respectively. The 2-D simulation roughly reproduced the transport and accumulation patterns, but accurate results required a 3-D approach. This was particularly important for strong vertical turbulence and regions characterized by strong vertical current shear. Moreover, a 2-D approach can lead to errors in the results even with negligible turbulence due to simplifications in the velocity field. A 3-D modelling approach is therefore key to an accurate estimation and prediction of microplastics distribution in coastal systems and consequently for planning mitigation and cleaning programmes.

scholarly journals Investigating the vertical displacement of Duhok embankment Dam: A 31- Years Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (ICRIE) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarmad Abdullah M.Salim ◽  
◽  
Sarhat Mustafa Adam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Embankment Dam ◽  
The West ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Downward Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
The City

The paper studies the long-term settlement behaviour of more than 30-year of the Duhok dam. The dam uses as the major lake for water supply to the city of Duhok and nearby areas. High-precision levelling was used to measure the deformation of the dam to monitor vertical displacements. Five survey campaigns were conducted over 30-year duration: 1988, March 1990, June 1999, March 2017 and February 2019. Analysis of the results found that the highest downward displacement of roughly 20.4 cm was witnessed between 1988 and 2019 for a monitoring point (BM24) located centrally along the bank of the dam. On the other hand, the highest vertical movement of roughly 1.5 cm was estimated between 1990 and 2019 at the monitoring point (BM27) on the west side of the dam. The monitoring point (BM24) had the highest average absolute movement of about 6.0 mm (per year) over the 31 years. Detailed results and analyzes are presented in this article.

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