scholarly journals Wound healing: cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly N. Wilkinson ◽  
Matthew J. Hardman
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Healing Wounds ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
Healing Impairment

Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process supported by a myriad of cellular events that must be tightly coordinated to efficiently repair damaged tissue. Derangement in wound-linked cellular behaviours, as occurs with diabetes and ageing, can lead to healing impairment and the formation of chronic, non-healing wounds. These wounds are a significant socioeconomic burden due to their high prevalence and recurrence. Thus, there is an urgent requirement for the improved biological and clinical understanding of the mechanisms that underpin wound repair. Here, we review the cellular basis of tissue repair and discuss how current and emerging understanding of wound pathology could inform future development of efficacious wound therapies.

scholarly journals Platelet-Therapeutics to Improve Tissue Regeneration and Wound Healing—Physiological Background and Methods of Preparation

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Jansen ◽  
Andreas Braun ◽  
Patrick Jansen ◽  
Matthias Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Primary Hemostasis ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Extracellular Structures

Besides their function in primary hemostasis, platelets are critically involved in the physiological steps leading to wound healing and tissue repair. For this purpose, platelets have a complex set of receptors allowing the recognition, binding, and manipulation of extracellular structures and the detection of pathogens and tissue damage. Intracellular vesicles contain a huge set of mediators that can be released to the extracellular space to coordinate the action of platelets as other cell types for tissue repair. Therapeutically, the most frequent use of platelets is the intravenous application of platelet concentrates in case of thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathy. However, there is increasing evidence that the local application of platelet-rich concentrates and platelet-rich fibrin can improve wound healing and tissue repair in various settings in medicine and dentistry. For the therapeutic use of platelets in wound healing, several preparations are available in clinical practice. In the present study we discuss the physiology and the cellular mechanisms of platelets in hemostasis and wound repair, the methods used for the preparation of platelet-rich concentrates and platelet-rich fibrin, and highlight some examples of the therapeutic use in medicine and dentistry.

Physiology of Wound Healing and Risk Factors that Impede the Healing Process

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan O’Brien Norris ◽  
Barbara Provo ◽  
Nancy A. Stotts
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Patient Morbidity ◽  
Illness Knowledge

In the critically ill patient, wound repair can be impeded by processes inherent to the illness, its treatment, and the critical care environment. This vulnerability to wound complications increases patient morbidity and mortality as well as length of stay, resource consumption, and hospital cost. The physiology of wound healing and factors that impede wound repair are discussed. Those factors commonly seen in critical illness include advanced age, diabetes mellitus, compromised immunocompetence, inadequate perfusion, and oxygenation, infection, malnutrition, obesity, and preoperative illness. Knowledge of management of the physiologic factors that affect wound healing enables the nurse to maximize tissue repair and prevent wound complications

scholarly journals Adaptive immunity and skin wound healing in amphibian adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Skin Wound Healing ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

AbstractRegeneration and repair with scarring of the skin are two different responses to tissue injury that proceed depending on the animal species. Several studies in multiple organisms have shown that the effectiveness of tissue repair gradually decreases with age in most vertebrates, while the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the diverse potentials remain incompletely understood. It is clear, however, that immune system actively participates in the whole process and immune-related activities can mediate both negative and positive roles to influence the quality and diversity of tissue response to damage. Compared with innate immunity, our understanding of the significance of adaptive immune cells in normal repair outcome is limited and deserves further investigation. Here, experimental evidence supporting the contribution of lymphocytes and the involvement of lymphoid organs in skin wound healing are discussed, focusing on the findings emerged in adult amphibians, key animal models for tissue repair and regeneration research.

scholarly journals Bicellular Tight Junctions and Wound Healing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhe Shi ◽  
May Barakat ◽  
Dandan Chen ◽  
Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Healing Wounds

Bicellular tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions comprised of a variety of transmembrane proteins including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) as well as intracellular scaffold proteins such as zonula occludens (ZOs). TJs are functional, intercellular structures that form a barrier between adjacent cells, which constantly seals and unseals to control the paracellular passage of molecules. They are primarily present in the epithelial and endothelial cells of all tissues and organs. In addition to their well-recognized roles in maintaining cell polarity and barrier functions, TJs are important regulators of signal transduction, which modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as some components of the immune response and homeostasis. A vast breadth of research data is available on TJs, but little has been done to decipher their specific roles in wound healing, despite their primary distribution in epithelial and endothelial cells, which are essential contributors to the wound healing process. Some data exists to indicate that a better understanding of the functions and significance of TJs in healing wounds may prove crucial for future improvements in wound healing research and therapy. Specifically, recent studies demonstrate that occludin and claudin-1, which are two TJ component proteins, are present in migrating epithelial cells at the wound edge but are absent in chronic wounds. This indicates that functional TJs may be critical for effective wound healing. A tremendous amount of work is needed to investigate their roles in barrier function, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, scar formation, and in the interactions between epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells both in the acute wound healing process and in non-healing wounds. A more thorough understanding of TJs in wound healing may shed new light on potential research targets and reveal novel strategies to enhance tissue regeneration and improve wound repair.

The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Wound Healing

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Armstrong ◽  
Edward B. Jude
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Collagenolytic Activity ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors Of Metalloproteinase ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Healing Wounds

The structure, classification, function, and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in normal and abnormal wound healing is discussed. Results from key studies suggest that neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) is the predominant collagenase present in normal healing wounds, and that overexpression and activation of this collagenase may be involved in the pathogenesis of nonhealing chronic leg ulcers. Excessive collagenolytic activity in these chronic wounds is possible because of the reduced levels of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). However, until recently, there have been no studies evaluating levels of matrix metalloproteinase or tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase activity in chronic diabetic foot wounds. Improving basic knowledge and pharmaceutical intervention in this area ultimately may help clinicians identify and proactively intervene in an effort to prevent normal wounds from becoming chronic. This may prevent the high prevalence of morbidity associated with this significant health problem. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(1): 12-18, 2002)

scholarly journals Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway Promotes Transdifferentiation from Fetal Skin Fibroblasts to Keratinocyte-like Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqing Zhao ◽  
Xinzhu Liu ◽  
Jiachen Sun ◽  
Yuezeng Niu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Skin Fibroblasts ◽  
Fetal Skin ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Abstract Background: Wound healing is a dynamic, sequential,and complex physiological process, including a variety of cellular events, such as proliferation, adhesion, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. Skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes are the two most important cells involved in wound repair, and Relying on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes to form epithelium to completely cover the wound is the most ideal result for wound repair, so expanding the source of keratinocytes is a huge challenge. In this study, we examined the phenomenon that fetal skin fibroblasts spontaneously transdifferentiated into keratinocyte-like cells in conventional culture, and evaluated the characteristics of KLCs and the potential mechanisms of the transdifferentiation process.Methods: HFF-1 were routinely cultured in ordinary DMEM medium for more than 40 days,and observed the cell morphology. The cytological properties of KLCs at the cellular and molecular levels were detected by RT-PCR, Western-blot, immunofluorescence, Transwell, and cell scratch experiments.The functionality and safety of KLCs were determined through wound healing and tumorigenicity experiments. And high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to explore the mechanism underlying HFF-1 transdifferentiation.Results: The transdifferentiation process started on the 25th day and was completed by the 40th day. KLCs and KCs had similar expressions at the molecular and protein levels, both functioned similarly in wound healing and were non-tumorigenic.RNA-seq revealed that the transdifferentiation process was regulated by the activation of the classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which could shorten the process to 10 days.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that HFF-1 can spontaneously transdifferentiate into KLCs with conventional culture conditions, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates the transdifferentiation process.

scholarly journals Topical steroids for chronic wounds displaying abnormal inflammation

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Bosanquet ◽  
A Rangaraj ◽  
AJ Richards ◽  
A Riddell ◽  
VM Saravolac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Normal Wound Healing ◽  
Healing Wounds

Introduction Chronic, non-healing wounds are often characterised by an excessive, and detrimental, inflammatory response. We review our experience of using a combined topical steroid, antibiotic and antifungal preparation in the treatment of chronic wounds displaying abnormal and excessive inflammation. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients being treated with a topical preparation containing a steroid (clobetasone butyrate 0.05%), antibiotic and antifungal at a tertiary wound healing centre over a ten-year period. Patients were selected as the primary treating physician felt the wounds were displaying excessive inflammation. Healing rates were calculated for before and during this treatment period for each patient. Changes in symptom burden (pain, odour and exudate levels) following topical application were also calculated. Results Overall, 34 ulcers were identified from 25 individual patients (mean age: 65 years, range: 37–97 years) and 331 clinic visits were analysed, spanning a total time of 14,670 days (7,721 days ‘before treatment’ time, 6,949 days ‘during treatment’ time). Following treatment, 24 ulcers demonstrated faster rates of healing, 3 ulcers showed no significant change in healing rates and 7 were healing more slowly (p=0.0006). Treatment generally reduced the burden of pain and exudate, without affecting odour. Conclusions In normal wound healing, inflammation represents a transient but essential phase of tissue repair. In selected cases, direct application of a steroid containing agent has been shown to improve healing rates, presumably by curtailing this phase. Further evaluation is required to establish the role of preparations containing topical steroids without antimicrobials in the management of chronic wounds.

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Scarless versus Fibrotic Wound Healing

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latha Satish ◽  
Sandeep Kathju
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Skin Wound Healing ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Adult Skin ◽  
Fetal Wound

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the discrete biology differentiating fetal wound repair from its adult counterpart. Integumentary wound healing in mammalian fetuses is essentially different from wound healing in adult skin. Adult (postnatal) skin wound healing is a complex and well-orchestrated process spurred by attendant inflammation that leads to wound closure with scar formation. In contrast, fetal wound repair occurs with minimal inflammation, faster re-epithelialization, and without the accumulation of scar. Although research into scarless healing began decades ago, the critical molecular mechanisms driving the process of regenerative fetal healing remain uncertain. Understanding the molecular and cellular events during regenerative healing may provide clues that one day enable us to modulate adult wound healing and consequently reduce scarring.

scholarly journals Biomimetic Hydrogels to Promote Wound Healing

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Fan ◽  
Sanjoy Saha ◽  
Donny Hanjaya-Putra
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Promote Wound Healing ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Healing Wounds ◽  
The Ideal

Wound healing is a common physiological process which consists of a sequence of molecular and cellular events that occur following the onset of a tissue lesion in order to reconstitute barrier between body and external environment. The inherent properties of hydrogels allow the damaged tissue to heal by supporting a hydrated environment which has long been explored in wound management to aid in autolytic debridement. However, chronic non-healing wounds require added therapeutic features that can be achieved by incorporation of biomolecules and supporting cells to promote faster and better healing outcomes. In recent decades, numerous hydrogels have been developed and modified to match the time scale for distinct stages of wound healing. This review will discuss the effects of various types of hydrogels on wound pathophysiology, as well as the ideal characteristics of hydrogels for wound healing, crosslinking mechanism, fabrication techniques and design considerations of hydrogel engineering. Finally, several challenges related to adopting hydrogels to promote wound healing and future perspectives are discussed.

scholarly journals Immunologic Roles of Hyaluronan in Dermal Wound Healing

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Aditya Kaul ◽  
Walker D. Short ◽  
Sundeep G. Keswani ◽  
Xinyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Dermal Wound Healing ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Dermal Wound

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a glycosaminoglycan ubiquitous in the skin, has come into the limelight in recent years for its role in facilitating dermal wound healing. Specifically, HA’s length of linearly repeating disaccharides—in other words, its molecular weight (MW)—determines its effects. High molecular weight (HMW)-HA serves an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory role, whereas low molecular weight (LMW)-HA contributes to immunostimulation and thus inflammation. During the inflammatory stage of tissue repair, direct and indirect interactions between HA and the innate and adaptive immune systems are of particular interest for their long-lasting impact on wound repair. This review seeks to synthesize the literature on wound healing with a focus on HA’s involvement in the immune subsystems.

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