scholarly journals The effect of domestication on post-conflict management: wolves reconcile while dogs avoid each other

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 171553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Cafazzo ◽  
Sarah Marshall-Pescini ◽  
Martina Lazzaroni ◽  
Zsófia Virányi ◽  
Friederike Range
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Latency Duration

Highly cooperative social species are expected to engage in frequent reconciliation following conflicts in order to maintain pack cohesiveness and preserve future cooperation. By contrast, in social species with low reliance on cooperation, reconciliation is expected to be less frequent. Here, we investigate the pattern of reconciliation in four captive wolf packs and four captive dog packs. We provide evidence for reconciliation in captive wolves, which are highly dependent on cooperation between pack members, while domestic dogs, which rely on conspecific cooperation less than wolves, avoided interacting with their partners after conflicts. Occurrence, intensity, latency, duration and initiation of wolf reconciliations appeared to vary as a consequence of a compromise between the costs (e.g. risk of further aggression) and the benefits (e.g. restoring relationship with opponents) of such interactions. Our results are in line with previous findings on various wolf packs living under different social and ecological conditions, suggesting that reconciliation is an important strategy for maintaining functional relationships and pack cohesiveness. However, current results on dogs are in contrast to the only other study showing that reconciliation can occur also in this species. Therefore, the occurrence of reconciliation in dogs may be influenced by social and environmental conditions more than in wolves. Which factors promote and modulate reconciliation in dogs needs to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Post-Conflict Affiliative Behaviors Towards Humans in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris)

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Cavalli ◽  
Victoria Dzik ◽  
Fabricio Carballo ◽  
Mariana Bentosela
Keyword(s):  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Food Behaviors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Affiliative Behaviors

Social species need conflict-resolution mechanisms to maintain group cohesion and diminish aggression. Reconciliation (affiliative contact between opponents) and consolation (affiliative contact between the victim and an uninvolved third party) have been postulated for this function in various species. The purpose of this work is to study post-conflict affiliative behaviors toward humans in domestic dogs. This study has looked into post-conflict affiliative behaviors in domestic dogs toward their owners. To this end, a conflict situation was created where the animal was scolded by one of the owners for “stealing” human food. Behaviors were recorded along a period of 3 min and 30 s before and after the scolding. Results show that dogs exhibit affiliative behaviors (significant increase in closeness, gazing, and tail wagging) as well as appeasement behaviors (averting eyes, low tail carriage, lowered ears, lip licking, and crouching) toward the owner that scolded them (reconciliation). In other words, this is the first work that presents reconciliation in dogs in a conflict situation with humans. It discusses the importance of this phenomenon in the dog-human bond.

Fostering relations with a host country: A case study of the OSCE and Tadjikistan

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Post Conflict

AbstractThe OSCE's mandate for early warning, conflict prevention, conflict management and post-conflict rehabilitation based on its approach to comprehensive security through its network of field offices is implemented on a daily basis. Constructive relations with a host country are an important factor in their success, yet not always easy to achieve. This article provides a case study of one endeavour to strengthen these relations.

Conflict Management and Resolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon D. Lundy ◽  
Edwin Njonguo
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Conflict Reconciliation ◽  
The Individual

Conflict management and resolution are processes for dealing with discord or facilitating peaceful and satisfactory cessations to conflict, and even potentially its transformation. Ideas and actions about how disputes are handled within various historical, geographic, political, economic, and cultural contexts and structures come from a range of positions, people, and institutions, with some approaches having empirical, experiential, precedential, authoritative, or intuitive support. The aggregation, analysis, and dissemination of these processes have led to the development of related fields within peace and conflict studies. Identified approaches to conflict management and resolution include, but are not limited to, alternative dispute resolution (negotiation, facilitation, mediation, case analysis, early neutral evaluation, conciliation, and arbitration), peacebuilding, and diplomacy. As an interdisciplinary field, scholarship is drawn from a broad range of academic disciplines, including social psychology, law, economics, and political science. These theories and processes are often systematically designed toward specific ends (e.g., management, analysis, resolution, transformation) and get applied at the individual, community, institutional, regional, state, and/or international levels. Through an analysis of the extant African studies resources focusing on conflict management and resolution, emergent themes fall into two broad categories: applied mechanisms of conflict management and resolution, and conflict issues affecting the continent. The African continent has seen its fair share of violent and intractable conflicts, both intra- and interstate. From the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya beginning in 2010 to the Niger Delta conflict and Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, Kenyan presidential election violence, or South African water shortages, conflict and the need for its management, analysis, and resolution are abundant. Engagement (not isolation) and active dialogue, collaboration, and conflict sensitivity (i.e., do no harm) are essential keys to studying, managing, resolving, and transforming the diverse range of conflict situations found throughout Africa. External, internal (i.e., indigenous or localized), and hybrid models can open and sustain pathways to peace. Many scholars now argue that conflict management, analysis, and resolution must address root causes, take an interdisciplinary approach, not conflate conflict and violence, use multiscalar perspectives (i.e., individual, group, state, interstate), and employ multicultural sensitivities attuned to cultural contexts and global sources of conflict. Scholars and practitioners must investigate and better understand the origins, causes, resolution, and consequences of conflicts in contemporary Africa in relation to their postcolonial contexts. Concerns include ethnic, religious, political, and environmental conflict factors, as well as demographic pressures. The stakeholder roles in post-conflict reconciliation and reconstruction should also be determined and continually evaluated to ensure effectiveness in African conflicts.

Individual differences in aggressive and peaceful behavior: new insights and future directions

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1139-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Webb ◽  
Peter Verbeek
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Animal Personalities ◽  
Future Work

Consistent individual differences in animal behaviour are an increasingly common focus of research across various behavioural and biological sciences. Such ‘animal personalities’ comprise a diverse repertoire of behavioural tendencies, recently expanding to incorporate the social domain. Aggression and peace, hallmarks of many social systems including that of humans, warrant integration with this literature. Specifically, animal personality research should consider the potential role of stable conflict and post-conflict behavioural tendencies. We focus our discussion primarily on examples in nonhuman primates and humans, but suggest that individual variation patterns are relevant for any social species in which these phenomena exist. In highly gregarious species, an individual’s conflict and post-conflict tendencies can affect the strength and stability of its social bonds. Because social relationships in turn impact survival and reproductive success, we also encourage future work to investigate the ultimate (i.e., fitness-relevant) consequences of individual variation in aggressive and peaceful behaviour.

Thoughts on the Conflict Management Field after 30 Years

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester A. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

AbstractThis article surveys the emergence of conflict management from the academic and policy shadows into a far more prominent field of inquiry and practice. As the barriers to entry into third party roles collapsed at the end of the Cold War, the field of conflict management expanded, diversified, and fragmented into a range of practice areas (scholarly, policy-oriented, and operational). Four phases of this evolution are identified. An increasingly crowded field lacks gatekeepers or natural coherence, underscoring the need for leadership and sustained, coordinated efforts. The study of mediation has blossomed around the work of Zartman and others, while the policy community has swung back and forth in its enthusiasm for third party roles in an age where hard power and smart power vie for pride of place. Conflict management responses are increasingly spontaneous, ad hoc and case-specific. Debate is emerging over the pros and cons of engaging with armed non-state actors that are placed on proscribed lists in the struggle against terrorism. Post-conflict challenges continue to pose a severe test to practitioners of peacebuilding.

scholarly journals Conflict resolution in socially housed Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin S. Kopp ◽  
Katja Liebal
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Group Life

BackgroundPeaceful conflict resolution strategies have been identified as effective mechanisms for minimising the potential costs of group life in many gregarious species, especially in primates. The knowledge of conflict-management in orangutans, though, is still extremely limited. Given their semi-solitary lives in the wild, there seems to be barely a need for orangutans to apply conflict management strategies other than avoidance. However, because of the rapid loss of orangutan habitat due to deforestation, opportunities to prevent conflicts by dispersion are shrinking. Additionally, more and more orangutans are brought into rehabilitation centres where they are bound to live in close contact with conspecifics. This raises the questions of whether and how orangutans are able to cope with conflicts, which are inevitably connected with group life.MethodsObservational zoo-studies provide a valuable method to investigate such potential: in zoos, orangutans usually live in permanent groups and face the challenges of group life every day. Therefore, we observed a group of six socially-housed Sumatran orangutans at the Dortmund Zoo, Germany, both in their spacious outdoor enclosure in the summer and in the less spacious indoor enclosure in the winter. During 157.5 h of observation, we collected data on aggressive interactions, third-party interventions and post-conflict affiliations. We applied the post-conflict/matched-control observation (PC/MC) and the time rule method to investigate the occurrence of reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliations.ResultsWe recorded a total of 114 aggressive interactions (including conflicts in the context of weaning and of male sexual coercion). As expected, we found an increase of both open conflicts and peaceful conflict resolution under less spacious conditions. In accordance with previous reports, we observed interventions by initially uninvolved individuals. Whereas we found no clear evidence for post-conflict third-party affiliations, we were able to demonstrate the occurrence of reconciliation among orangutans.DiscussionNotwithstanding the small sample size and the explorative character of our study, we found evidence that orangutans possess a potential for prosocial conflict resolution. When living in groups and under conditions in which dispersion is no longer an option, orangutans are capable to flexibly apply strategies of conflict resolution to cease open conflicts and to repair the potential social damage of aggressive interactions. These strategies are similar to those of other great apes.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Black Sea algal viruses Tetraselmis viridis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in bays of Sevastopol as a component of ecological monitoring of the studied aquatories

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
O.A. Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Ecological Indicator ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Algal Viruses ◽  
Tetraselmis Viridis

Virus monitoring is a widespread control of their background circulation. Since 2002, the monitoring of algal viruses that infect microalgae Tetraselmis viridis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been carried out in the bays of Sevastopol differing in ecological conditions. The purpose of this work is to analyze and assess the results of this long-term (2002–2020) monitoring. The results obtained with taking into account the exactingness or resistance to environmental conditions of hosts of algal viruses that infect microalgae T. viridis and P. tricornutum were the basis for the following conclusions regarding the ecological well-being of the studied bays of Sevastopol: – relatively favorable ecological conditions in 2007–2008, 2017–2018 and in 2020. (maximum frequency of isolation PtV, and/or minimum TvV, and / or maximum difference in frequency of isolation between PtV and TvV); – unfavorable ecological conditions in 2002–2003, 2006 and 2015 (maximum frequency of isolation TvV, and/or minimum PtV, and/or maximum difference in frequency of isolation between TvV and PtV). Analysis of the monitoring results of algal viruses of T. viridis and P. tricornutum in 2015–2020 revealed that the studied relatively ecologically safe bays are characterized by the maximum number of all isolates of algal viruses (both TvV and PtV) and the numerical predominance of strains of algal virus of P. tricornutum, which is demanding to environmental conditions. At the same time, the minimum amount of all viral isolates was recorded in the ecologically unfavorable bay. The results of a long-term monitoring of algal viruses of T. viridis and P. tricornutum have established the possibility of using the monitoring of marine viruses, in particular of algal viruses of microalgae which are indicative of the ecological situation, as a component of complex ecological monitoring as ecological indicator.

Modern Warfare in Former Yugoslavia and Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
R. Craig Nation
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace Enforcement ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
External Actors ◽  
East West

The wars in former Yugoslavia from 1991–2001, and Ukraine from 2014 to the present, provide revealing examples of the ways in which contemporary armed conflict is evolving. Their origins lay in domestic rather than inter-state disputes, and they emerged as civil wars born of state failure. The belligerent factions were diverse, including established states, new national polities, and radicalized non-state actors. Operationally the wars were liquid conflicts where adversaries, lacking decisive combat power, often shunned conventional military objectives in favor of attacks on populations, terroristic posturing, and symbolic gestures. The conflicts were internationalized, with powerful external actors at odds over responsibility and preferred outcomes. They were European wars, with European and Euro-Atlantic institutions directly engaged in conflict management, peace enforcement, and post-conflict peace building. The conflicts have contributed to the break down of cooperative security in 21st century Europe and the re-opening of an East-West divide running through the heart of the continent. Managing and containing such clashes is and will remain a major strategic challenge.

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