Peacekeeping: The Role of Police in Peshawar Pakistan from 2013-2018

Peacekeeping role is an important factor for the society and the people what lives under it accordingly. It has been there for centuries this think and phenomena to persuade people for their desire and their duty to be fully utilized. This is the active maintenance of a truce between nations or communities, especially by an international military force but in this perspective the military force are considered the POLICE. Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths and reduces the risk of renewed warfare. There are a range of various types of operations encompassed in peacekeeping such as Observation Missions, Interpositional Missions, Multidimensional missions and Peace enforcement Missions. Even though within the United Nations (UN) group of nation-state governments and organizations, there is a general understanding that at the international level, peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas, and may assist ex-combatants in implementing peace agreement commitments that they have undertaken. In this research, the role of peacekeeping in Peshawar has been conducted as year wise from 2013–2018. This shows about five years gape and also reveals that how much changes have been done since then and now. Challenges and difficulties have been analyzed that Police have face in last 5 years. The role of peacekeeping has been examined in last 5 years and then these are evaluated with the contrast of the existing situations. From this study different types of results have been generated and portrayed in tables and graphs. For the purpose of investigating good work and the evaluation of peacekeeping perspectives and related methodologies have been conducted in which the important and key factors have shown that have a huge impact on peacekeeping role in society building.

THE PROBLEM OF CONFLICT REGULATION IN THE DR CONGO FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RALPH DARENDORFF'S CONCEPT OF CONFLICT REGULATION

The question of studying the essence of conflict as a process in the context of modern political studies raises the question of applying a new method – an interdisciplinary one based on the synthesis of paradigms and approaches. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to analyze the conflict in this region in the light of the relevance of assessing support strategies in regions with political and military instability in Africa. The purpose of this study is to consider the essential parameters of the conflict process in the DRC, this conflict process is constitutional and one of the bloodiest in the history of independent African states, complicated by a huge number of participants in the conflict at different stages. It is also necessary to analyze the role of the so-called managers in the conflict in the context of the essential transition and political transformation of the Congo after 1960 and the acquisition of formal independence against the background of the continuing expansion of Western corporations into the economic sector of the DRC. The main problem to solve was the need to assess the procedure for resolving conflict contradictions in the DRC and the possibility of reducing the presence of a violent component in the interaction, and the role of socio-political institutions of society that could favorably act as institutions for peace-building and peace enforcement, with the activities of MONUC and the UN as a whole not losing relevance. The main result of the research is the development of the concept of conflict resolution in the DRC, based on the theory of social conflict by R. Darendorf. The author comes to the conclusion that the reduction of violence in the conflict in the DRC and the settlement of the conflict in this region are possible only with proper methodological and theoretical support for the peace-building process. The author also emphasizes the importance of increasing the pace of development of the army and police in the DRC, the importance of the influence of international actors in resolving the conflict through authority, and not through direct intervention in the conflict.

Participation of the Czech Republic in NATO Peace Support Operations: Analysis of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

NATO, as one of the most important security organisations, has been involved in a large number of operations of all kinds since its establishment. Peace Support Operations are the most common type, as they include conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacebuilding, peacekeeping, peace enforcement and humanitarian operations. Some states participate in these operations very often, others only rarely. This study aims to examine the participation of the Czech Republic, a small state that has a small but well-trained and specialised army. The research aims to determine the most common reasons for Czech participation in NATO’s Peace Support Operations. The work uses qualitative comparative analysis to determine the necessary reasons or sufficient conditions for the participation of this state. Five types of reasons – political reasons, security reasons, economic reasons, institutional reasons and normative reasons are tested. The analysis points to the fact that security reasons are the most important reasons.

The reform of the Bundeswehr and the future of Germany’s peacekeeping activities

The reform of the Bunderwehr has been in the focus of attention of Russian and foreign research since the unification of the country^ when Germany started speaking about its responsibility for peace and political stability. Germany’s army had to not only rearm and optimize military personnel, but also to conceptualize its new role in the world and extend its global representation for the purpose of conflict settlement. However, over the last years, the consideration of problems of the Bundeswehr reforming and development has become especially important due to the fact that the Bundeswehr faces new challenges and threats, including those of a non-military nature. The reforms of Germany’s army, which have been covered in the recent documents aimed at the substantiation of the increased use of the Bundeswehr abroad, reflect the political leaders’ aspiration to make it a more effective instrument of protection against hybrid threats and prevention of conflicts affecting Germany’s security. The purpose of the article is to analyze the reform of the Bundeswehr and their influence on Germany’s peacekeeping activities. The study is based on discourse-analysis and the analysis of the main documents, determining the directions of modernization of Germany’s army, and the documents, regulating peacekeeping activities, official reports of the Ministry of Defense, official reports of the Ministry of Defense, and mass media materials about the state and the problems of the armed forces. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that it considers the reform of the Bundeswehr in its close correlation with its peacekeeping profile as the main sphere of using Germany’s army. Based on the analysis of the recent documents, regulating its activities, the author comes to the conclusion that its reforming is aimed at the expansion of peacekeeping activities, while peace-enforcement operations are considered as a last-ditch measure.   

20 The Law of International Peace Operations

This chapter assesses the law of international peace operations, comprising both peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. Peace operations will derive their legitimacy from the authority of the Security Council. In establishing a peace operation, the Security Council follows the Charter of the United Nations, exercising its primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. Legitimacy confers a privileged legal status on a peace operation and its personnel that is essential in implementing its mandate. The rules of engagement for the operation, which form the legal authority for the use of force, specify how and when peacekeepers are authorized to use force, including deadly force. Other international legal instruments and norms guide the activities of peacekeepers and define the relationship between the operation and the host country. Altogether, the apparatus of authority and law composes the legal framework for peace operations.

The Role of the UN Peacemaking Operations in the Foreign Policy of Denmark in the 1990s: from an Exemplary Peacemaker to an Ardent Atlanticist

Under the Cold War Denmark successfully employed the UN peacemaking operations to increase its own international status and strengthen relations with the key Western allies. The Nordic model of peacemaking was later considered as an example to be followed by other European states in the 1990s. As the role of the UN gradually declined during the 1990s and the UN peacemaking operations led to major failures, most notably the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan genocide, NATO, as well as the EU, started expanding their own activities in the sphere of peacemaking and peace enforcement. As a consequence, Denmark stopped considering the UN peacemaking as the main framework for international activism and started getting increasingly engaged in coalition operations and NATO operations as a means to win the favor of the key ally — the USA. Another factor that significantly contributed to Denmark’s growing atlanticism was the so-called "defense clause" which prevented Denmark from participating in the military dimension of the emerging CFSP within the EU and later CSDP. The Danish international activism acquired therefore a tangible military element which on the one hand enabled Denmark to punch above its weight, but at the same time became contradictory to the very ideas and goals which made international activism attractive for the Danish public in the first place. The initial value- and identity-driven UN peacemaking eventually became reduced to a means of accomplishing limited goals of status-seeking and ensuring the country’s place as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It is thus becoming increasingly difficult for Denmark to reconcile the adherence to humanitarian diplomacy and Nordic "Peace Brand" with aggressive military activism.

THE 2019 SUDAN COUP AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION BY THE AFRICAN UNION

The intervention of the African Union (AU) in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis of Sudan is the focal point of this study. The objective of the study is to evaluate the peaceful resolution of the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan by the African Union. The research questions of the study are: What is the background of the 2019 Sudan Coup? What role did the Forces of Freedom and Change play in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis of Sudan? How effective is the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) with respect to its mandate to intervene in member states. What are the methods used by the AU as it intervened in the 2019 coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan? The study is guided by the theoretical framework of Collective Security theory with major proponents such as Cardinal Richelieu Immanuel Kant, Woodrow Wilson etc. The study concludes that the prominent role played by the AU in the coup and post-coup crisis in Sudan is highly commendable but the lessons drawn there from can enhance future operations. The study recommends that the military capacity of the African Standby Force should be invigorated with adequate manpower and firepower to effectively carry out peace enforcement operations. Also the AU should draw a template and procedure for interface with the regional organisation of the state engulfed in conflict or crisis that the APSA is to mediate to avoid disjointed and uncoordinated mediation. The qualitative research methodology was adopted for the study.

A Libertarian Perspective on Peace Enforcement by the United Nations

Most analysts view the United Nations as a positive stabilising force in international affairs. In this paper, I critically assess this opinion of the UN’s peace enforcement actions using the case studies of the Korean War and the Gulf War while relying on the non-aggression axiom of libertarian philosophy. In the process, I shed light on some of the moral considerations at play when deciding on UN-sanctioned military intervention.