scholarly journals Nest-site competition and killing by invasive parakeets cause the decline of a threatened bat population

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 172477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dailos Hernández-Brito ◽  
Martina Carrete ◽  
Carlos Ibáñez ◽  
Javier Juste ◽  
José L. Tella
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Tree Cavities ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Site Competition

The identification of effects of invasive species is challenging owing to their multifaceted impacts on native biota. Negative impacts are most often reflected in individual fitness rather than in population dynamics of native species and are less expected in low-biodiversity habitats, such as urban environments. We report the long-term effects of invasive rose-ringed parakeets on the largest known population of a threatened bat species, the greater noctule, located in an urban park. Both species share preferences for the same tree cavities for breeding. While the number of parakeet nests increased by a factor of 20 in 14 years, the number of trees occupied by noctules declined by 81%. Parakeets occupied most cavities previously used by noctules, and spatial analyses showed that noctules tried to avoid cavities close to parakeets. Parakeets were highly aggressive towards noctules, trying to occupy their cavities, often resulting in noctule death. This led to a dramatic population decline, but also an unusual aggregation of the occupied trees, probably disrupting the complex social behaviour of this bat species. These results indicate a strong impact through site displacement and killing of competitors, and highlight the need for long-term research to identify unexpected impacts that would otherwise be overlooked.

Behavioural response of eastern wolves (Canis lycaon) to disturbance at homesites and its effects on pup survival

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Argue ◽  
K. J. Mills ◽  
B. R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Survival Data ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Pup Survival ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Canis Lycaon ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Provincial Park

Human disturbance at wolf dens and rendezvous sites (homesites) may have direct effects on pup survival and could result in the alteration of homesite-use characteristics. During a demographic study of eastern wolves ( Canis lycaon ) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, we entered active homesites to tag pups with VHF radio transmitters. Homesite attendance and pup survival data collected in 2003–2005 were used to determine (i) the immediate response of wolves to disturbance at homesites, (ii) whether distance moved between homesites was influenced by disturbance, (iii) if pup survival was compromised by researcher disturbance, and (iv) whether reuse in subsequent years differed between disturbed and undisturbed den sites. Packs tended to relocate pups after a disturbance, though we did not detect a difference in distances travelled between natural homesite shifts and those following disturbance. Disturbed homesites were reused in following years at a similar frequency as undisturbed homesites (6 of 15 vs. 8 of 22 homesites, respectively). Although postcapture mortality risk was slightly elevated for pups, we could not detect long-term effects of disturbance. This resilience to disturbance, and our documentation of effective techniques for radio-tagging young pups, demonstrate that research on wolf pup demography can be performed effectively without causing unacceptable negative impacts on wolf behaviour or mortality.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Forest Plantation Species on Chemical Soil Properties in Southern Rwanda

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Peter Rwibasira ◽  
Francois Xavier Naramabuye ◽  
Donat Nsabimana ◽  
Monique Carnol
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Functioning ◽  
C And N

Understanding the long-term effects of tree species on soil properties is crucial for the development of forest restoration policies in relation to the choice of species that meet both environmental and local livelihood needs. This study was performed in the Arboretum of Ruhande, Southern Rwanda, where monocultures of 148 deciduous and 56 conifer species have been established in 0.25 ha replicated plots from 1933 onwards. We investigated the effects of six exotic and two native tree species planted in monoculture plots and native species mixed within one self-regenerated plot on soil properties in two layers (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depth). We measured general soil properties (pH, SOM, exchangeable base cations) and water-soluble C and N as a proxy for soil functioning. Changes in soil properties were observed in the upper soil layer for all tree species. Planting Eucalyptus species caused soil acidification, whereas soil exchangeable cations and pH were higher under native species (Entandrophragma excelsum and Polyschias fulva) and mixed native species. The effects of tree species were more pronounced for hot water-extractable C and N than for other soil properties. Their analyses could be used for detecting changes in soil functioning linked to vegetation types.

scholarly journals A test of native plant adaptation more than one century after introduction of the invasive Carpobrotus edulis to the NW Iberian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos García ◽  
Josefina G. Campoy ◽  
Rubén Retuerto
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Carpobrotus Edulis ◽  
Nw Iberia

Abstract Background Although the immediate consequences of biological invasions on ecosystems and conservation have been widely studied, the long-term effects remain unclear. Invaders can either cause the extinction of native species or become integrated in the new ecosystems, thus increasing the diversity of these ecosystems and the services that they provide. The final balance of invasions will depend on how the invaders and native plants co-evolve. For a better understanding of such co-evolution, case studies that consider the changes that occur in both invasive and native species long after the introduction of the invader are especially valuable. In this work, we studied the ecological consequences of the more than one century old invasion of NW Iberia by the African plant Carpobrotus edulis. We conducted a common garden experiment to compare the reciprocal effects of competition between Carpobrotus plants from the invaded area or from the native African range and two native Iberian plant species (Artemisia crithmifolia and Helichrysum picardii) from populations exposed or unexposed to the invader. Results Exposure of H. picardii populations to C. edulis increased their capacity to repress the growth of Carpobrotus. The repression specifically affected the Carpobrotus from the invader populations, not those from the African native area. No effects of exposition were detected in the case of A. crithmifolia. C. edulis plants from the invader populations had higher growth than plants from the species' African area of origin. Conclusions We found that adaptive responses of natives to invaders can occur in the long term, but we only found evidence for adaptive responses in one of the two species studied. This might be explained by known differences between the two species in the structure of genetic variance and gene flow between subpopulations. The overall changes observed in the invader Carpobrotus are consistent with adaptation after invasion.

scholarly journals Assessment of long-term effects of basic slag in reclaiming acid sulfate soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Ferdous Ara ◽  
Md Harunor Rashid Khan ◽  
Ashrafun Nessa ◽  
Zakia Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Incubation Study ◽  
Negative Impacts

A long term incubation study was carried out to ascertain the effects of basic slag on acid sulfate soil. Four treatment levels of basic slag (0, 30, 40 and 50 t/ha) were selected to find out their response on pH, EC, as well as on various water soluble and exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) with incubation period. In most of the cases, the results showed significant effects of basic slag on pH and cations. The highest pH and EC were recorded with the largest doses of basic slag at the final stage of incubation period. In addition, this research did not find any negative impacts concerning basic slag on the supplied soil and suggested that basic slag could be used on agricultural land. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v26i1-2.20225 Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 26(1-2): 1-9, December-2013

scholarly journals The viability of pronatalism as a response to population growth decline in the Canadian context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Emma Blair
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Near Future

A decrease in fertility over the last thirty years has led to projections for population growth decline and possible population decline in the near future. Although immigration has traditionally been seen as a source of growth for Canada, current demographic trends suggest a more comprehensive approach may be needed. A pronatalist policy may help offset the long term effects of population decline if used in tandem with increased immigration and increased support for arriving immigrants. In order to be successful such a policy would need to address both the direct and indirect barriers to fertility as experienced by women and families while encouraging increased labour force participation by women.

scholarly journals Trends in child labor and the impact on health in adulthood in Brazil from 1998 to 2008

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marislei Nishijima ◽  
André Portela Fernandes de Souza ◽  
Flávia Mori Sarti
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

There is little evidence in Brazil on the impact of child labor on health status in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate trends in child labor in Brazil and estimate the long-term effects of child labor on the health of Brazilian adults, using nationally representative databases (Brazilian National Household Sample Survey) from three different years (1998, 2003, and 2008). The models were based on a two-stage linear equation and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results suggest that child labor has declined in Brazil, although the data still show patterns of early entry into the country’s labor market. Regardless of the type of work, child labor adversely affected health outcomes in adulthood, both directly (impacts on health outcomes) and indirectly (losses in educational attainment). Child labor places a long-term burden on Brazilians, jeopardizing the formation of human capital through negative impacts on health outcomes in adulthood.

scholarly journals Does the Introduction of Alien Species Represent a Sanitary Threat for Native Species? The Case of the Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus in Italy

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Tizzani ◽  
Daniela Andrade ◽  
Anna Rita Molinar Min ◽  
Andrea Peano ◽  
Pier Giuseppe Meneguz
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Sylvilagus Floridanus ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction of alien species is a well-known threat to biodiversity. Where newly introduced, alien species may pose a risk for the local ecological community by competing for resources or by introducing pathogens. Sylvilagus floridanus is an American lagomorph introduced into Europe in the second half of 20th century, for hunting. This study evaluated the structure and epidemiological characteristics of the gastrointestinal parasite community in an introduced population of S. floridanus in the Province of Alessandria (Piedmont Region—Italy). Three alien parasites were reported out of 271 animals: Obeliscoides cuniculi in the stomach, Trichostrongylus calcaratus in the small intestine, and Passarulus nonnanulatus in the large intestine. All these nematodes are commonly reported in S. floridanus in its natural range, but they represent alien species in Europe. The report of these alien parasites is an example of the unexpected consequences caused by the introduction of non-native vertebrates. The documented introduction of new pathogens may alter the parasite community of the native lagomorphs, with possible long-term effects on local ecological dynamics.

scholarly journals Low Persistence of Genetic Rescue Across Generations in the Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lotsander ◽  
Malin Hasselgren ◽  
Malin Larm ◽  
Johan Wallén ◽  
Anders Angerbjörn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Small Population ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vulpes Lagopus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Individual Fitness

Abstract Genetic rescue can facilitate the recovery of small and isolated populations suffering from inbreeding depression. Long-term effects are however complex, and examples spanning over multiple generations under natural conditions are scarce. The aim of this study was to test for long-term effects of natural genetic rescue in a small population of Scandinavian Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). By combining a genetically verified pedigree covering almost 20 years with a long-term dataset on individual fitness (n = 837 individuals), we found no evidence for elevated fitness in immigrant F2 and F3 compared to native inbred foxes. Population inbreeding levels showed a fluctuating increasing trend and emergence of inbreeding within immigrant lineages shortly after immigration. Between 0–5 and 6–9 years post immigration, the average number of breeding adults decreased by almost 22% and the average proportion of immigrant ancestry rose from 14% to 27%. Y chromosome analysis revealed that 2 out of 3 native male lineages were lost from the gene pool, but all founders represented at the time of immigration were still contributing to the population at the end of the study period through female descendants. The results highlight the complexity of genetic rescue and suggest that beneficial effects can be brief. Continuous gene flow may be needed for small and threatened populations to recover and persist in a longer time perspective.

scholarly journals Changes in the use of alcohol and tobacco in Slovenia during the first wave of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Sandra Radoš Krnel ◽  
Carolin Kilian ◽  
Marjetka Hovnik Keršmanc ◽  
Maja Roškar ◽  
Helena Koprivnikar
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background In the first months of 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread all over the world and numerous measures were adopted that had a strong impact on both personal and public life. This contribution explores changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia. Methods Self-reported changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first few months of the Covid-19 pandemic were recorded in 495 Slovenian adults, as part of the European Alcohol Use and COVID-19 survey. Results About half of the Slovenian sample indicated that the frequency of drinking occasions did not change in the months after the pandemic’s outbreak, while the remainder stated either a decrease (26.0%) or an increase (24.2%). 23.1% reported a decrease and 17.3% an increase in the quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion. Respondents who reported that their overall alcohol consumption decreased were more likely to be male than female and more likely to be younger than middle-aged. Those who reported experiencing at least a substantial level of distress due to financial loss were at a four-times increased risk of reporting an increase in their alcohol consumption compared to individuals who reported no or only some financial distress. Of the 120 people reporting the use of tobacco, almost half indicated an increase in tobacco consumption within the previous month, and about 20% reported a decrease in use. The differences in the results between Slovenia and other European countries are small and the overall pattern suggests that the situation in Slovenia was comparable to other European countries. Conclusion As this pandemic continues to evolve, further monitoring is needed to identify the long-term effects of alcohol and tobacco use on public health in relation to the management of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The viability of pronatalism as a response to population growth decline in the Canadian context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Emma Blair
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Near Future

A decrease in fertility over the last thirty years has led to projections for population growth decline and possible population decline in the near future. Although immigration has traditionally been seen as a source of growth for Canada, current demographic trends suggest a more comprehensive approach may be needed. A pronatalist policy may help offset the long term effects of population decline if used in tandem with increased immigration and increased support for arriving immigrants. In order to be successful such a policy would need to address both the direct and indirect barriers to fertility as experienced by women and families while encouraging increased labour force participation by women.

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