Changes in the use of alcohol and tobacco in Slovenia during the first wave of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic

Abstract Background In the first months of 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread all over the world and numerous measures were adopted that had a strong impact on both personal and public life. This contribution explores changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia. Methods Self-reported changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first few months of the Covid-19 pandemic were recorded in 495 Slovenian adults, as part of the European Alcohol Use and COVID-19 survey. Results About half of the Slovenian sample indicated that the frequency of drinking occasions did not change in the months after the pandemic’s outbreak, while the remainder stated either a decrease (26.0%) or an increase (24.2%). 23.1% reported a decrease and 17.3% an increase in the quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion. Respondents who reported that their overall alcohol consumption decreased were more likely to be male than female and more likely to be younger than middle-aged. Those who reported experiencing at least a substantial level of distress due to financial loss were at a four-times increased risk of reporting an increase in their alcohol consumption compared to individuals who reported no or only some financial distress. Of the 120 people reporting the use of tobacco, almost half indicated an increase in tobacco consumption within the previous month, and about 20% reported a decrease in use. The differences in the results between Slovenia and other European countries are small and the overall pattern suggests that the situation in Slovenia was comparable to other European countries. Conclusion As this pandemic continues to evolve, further monitoring is needed to identify the long-term effects of alcohol and tobacco use on public health in relation to the management of COVID-19.

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Repair of Protruding Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate With Staged Premaxilla Setback Osteotomy, Cheiloplasty, and Palatoplasty in Trisomy 17p Patient: A Review of Syndromic Clinical Characteristic

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/10556656211069820 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105566562110698

Author(s):

Kristaninta Bangun ◽

Jessica Halim ◽

Vika Tania

Keyword(s):

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Chromosome 17 ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Surgical Strategies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Cost

Chromosome 17 duplication is correlated with an increased risk of developmental delay, birth defects, and intellectual disability. Here, we reported a female patient with trisomy 17 on the whole short arm with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP). This study will review the surgical strategies to reconstruct the protruding premaxillary segment, cleft lip, and palate in trisomy 17p patient. The patient had heterozygous pathogenic duplication of chromosomal region chr17:526-18777088 on almost the entire short arm of chromosome 17. Beside the commonly found features of trisomy 17p, the patient also presented with BCLP with a prominent premaxillary portion. Premaxillary setback surgery was first performed concomitantly with cheiloplasty. The ostectomy was performed posterior to the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS). The premaxilla was firmly adhered to the lateral segment and the viability of philtral flap was not compromised. Two-flap palatoplasty with modified intravelar veloplasty (IVV) was performed 4 months after. Successful positioning of the premaxilla segment, satisfactory lip aesthetics, and vital palatal flap was obtained from premaxillary setback, primary cheiloplasty, and subsequent palatoplasty in our trisomy 17p patient presenting with BLCP. Postoperative premaxillary stability and patency of the philtral and palatal flap were achieved. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of our surgical techniques on inhibition of midfacial growth. However, the benefits that the patient received from the surgery in improving feeding capacity and facial appearance early in life outweigh the cost of possible maxillary retrusion.

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Second-Generation Consequences of Small-for-Dates Birth

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.84.2.343 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 343-347

Author(s):

Mark A. Klebanoff ◽

Olav Meirik ◽

Heinz W. Berendes

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Birth Outcomes ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Reported Study ◽

Increase In Risk

This is the first reported study of birth outcomes of a group of women whose own birth weights and gestational ages had been previously recorded. Births occurring from 1972 to 1983 among 1154 Swedish women, born from 1955 to 1965, were studied. Women who were themselves small for gestational age (SGA) at birth were at increased risk of giving birth to a SGA infant (odds ratio = 2.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.41, 3.48). Women who had been SGA had an even greater increase in risk of giving birth to a preterm infant (odds ratio = 2.96, 95% confidence interval = 1.47, 5.94). Women who were preterm at birth were not at increased risk of giving birth to either preterm (odds ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.15, 2.74) or SGA (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.62, 2.38) infants. It is concluded that the long-term effects of intrauterine growth retardation may extend to the next generation; women who had been SGA should be considered at increased risk to give birth to both growth-retarded and preterm infants.

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Maternal Overnutrition Induces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits across Several Generations

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gitalee Sarker ◽

Daria Peleg-Raibstein

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Ample Evidence ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Maternal Overnutrition

Ample evidence from epidemiological studies has linked maternal obesity with metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in the next generation. Recently, it was also shown that maternal obesity has long-term effects on the progeny’s central nervous system. However, very little is known regarding how maternal overnutrition may affect, in particular, the cognitive abilities of the offspring. We reported that first-generation offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) displayed age-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits were associated with attenuations of amino acid levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus regions of MHFD offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MHFD in mice may induce long-term cognitive impairments and neurochemical dysfunctions in the second and third generations. We found that MHFD led to cognitive disabilities and an altered response to a noncompetitive receptor antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in adult MHFD offspring in both second and third generations in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that maternal overnutrition leads to an increased risk of developing obesity in subsequent generations as well as to cognitive impairments, affecting learning and memory processes in adulthood. Furthermore, MHFD exposure may facilitate pathological brain aging which is not a consequence of obesity. Our findings shed light on the long-term effects of maternal overnutrition on the development of the central nervous system and the underlying mechanisms which these traits relate to disease predisposition.

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Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Pilot Prevention Program to Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Substance Use & Misuse ◽

10.3109/10826089809056259 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 2303-2321 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chudley E. Werch ◽

Deborah M. Pappas ◽

Joan M. Carlson ◽

Carlo C. Diclemente

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Prevention Program ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Reduce Alcohol Consumption ◽

Short And Long Term

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Association between Lifetime Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Cardiovascular and Chronic Respiratory Diseases among Older People

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11275

Author(s):

Ignacio Madero-Cabib ◽

Claudia Bambs

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Older People ◽

Life Course ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Improved Design ◽

The Life Course

Background: We identify representative types of simultaneous tobacco use and alcohol consumption trajectories across the life course and estimate their association with cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases (CVDs and CRDs) among older people in Chile. Methods: We used data from a population-representative, face-to-face and longitudinal-retrospective survey focused on people aged 65–75 (N = 802). To reconstruct trajectory types, we employed weighted multichannel sequence analysis. Then, we estimated their associations with CVDs and CRDs through weighted logistic regression models. Results: Long-term exposure to tobacco use and alcohol consumption across life are associated with the highest CVD and CRD risks. Long-term nonsmokers and nondrinkers do not necessarily show the lowest CVDs and CRDs risks if these patterns are accompanied by health risk factors such as obesity or social disadvantages such as lower educational levels. Additionally, trajectories showing regular consumption in one domain but only in specific periods of life, whether early or late, while maintaining little or no consumption across life in the other domain, lead to lower CVDs or CRDs risks than trajectories indicating permanent consumption in both domains. Conclusions: A policy approach that considers CVDs and CRDs as conditions that strongly depend on previous individual experiences in diverse life domains can contribute to the improved design and evaluation of preventive strategies of tobacco use and alcohol consumption across the life course.

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Long-Term Overconsumption of Sugar Starting at Adolescence Produces Persistent Hyperactivity and Neurocognitive Deficits in Adulthood

Frontiers in Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnins.2021.670430 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Kate Beecher ◽

Ignatius Alvarez Cooper ◽

Joshua Wang ◽

Shaun B. Walters ◽

Fatemeh Chehrehasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Habits ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Neurocognitive Deficits ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Sugar Consumption ◽

Food And Beverages ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Newborn Neurons ◽

Dependent Learning

Sugar has become embedded in modern food and beverages. This has led to overconsumption of sugar in children, adolescents, and adults, with more than 60 countries consuming more than four times (>100 g/person/day) the WHO recommendations (25 g/person/day). Recent evidence suggests that obesity and impulsivity from poor dietary habits leads to further overconsumption of processed food and beverages. The long-term effects on cognitive processes and hyperactivity from sugar overconsumption, beginning at adolescence are not known. Using a well-validated mouse model of sugar consumption, we found that long-term sugar consumption, at a level that significantly augments weight gain, elicits an abnormal hyperlocomotor response to novelty and alters both episodic and spatial memory. Our results are similar to those reported in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory were accompanied by altered hippocampal neurogenesis, with an overall decrease in the proliferation and differentiation of newborn neurons within the dentate gyrus. This suggests that long-term overconsumption of sugar, as that which occurs in the Western Diet might contribute to an increased risk of developing persistent hyperactivity and neurocognitive deficits in adulthood.

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Long-term effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in seniors: a cohort study in China

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02606-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lizhen Han ◽

Jinzhu Jia

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Cox Model ◽

The Elderly ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Rice Wine ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Healthy Longevity

Abstract Background In the context of increasing global aging, the long-term effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in older adults were analyzed in order to provide rationalized health recommendations to the elderly population. Methods The study used the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) dataset, from which 5354 Chinese seniors aged 65–112 years were selected as the subjects, spanning the years 1998–2018. Data on alcohol, diet, activity, and cognition were collected by questionnaire and cognitive levels were judged by the Mini-Mental State Examination scale (also referenced to the Functional Assessment Staging Test). Data cleaning and preprocessing was implemented by R software. The dynamic Cox model was applied for model construction and data analysis. Results The results of the dynamic Cox model suggested that seniors who drank alcohol were at higher risk of cognitive decline compared to those who never drank (HR = 1.291, 95%CI: 1.175–1.419). The risk was similarly exacerbated by perennial drinking habits (i.e., longer drinking years, HR = 1.008, 95%CI: 1.004–1.013). Compared to non-alcoholic beverages, liquor (≥ 38°), liquor (< 38°), wine and rice wine all showed negative effects. Whereas, the risk of cognitive decline was relatively lower in seniors who consumed liquors (< 38°) and rice wine compared to the high-level liquor (HR: 0.672 (0.508, 0.887) and 0.732 (0.559, 0.957), respectively). Conclusions Alcohol consumption has a negative and long-term effects on cognitive function in seniors. For the elderly, we suggested that alcohol intake should be avoided as much as possible.

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Familial, Social, and Individual Factors Contributing to Risk for Adolescent Substance Use

Journal of Addiction ◽

10.1155/2013/579310 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Mackenzie Whitesell ◽

Annette Bachand ◽

Jennifer Peel ◽

Mark Brown

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

The United States ◽

Adolescent Substance Use ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Adolescent Substance ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Control And Prevention

Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveal high numbers of adolescent substance use in the United States. Substance use among adolescents can lead to increased risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections, vehicular fatalities, juvenile delinquency, and other problems associated with physical and mental health. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to involvement in substance use due to the underdeveloped state of the adolescent brain, which can lead to reduced decision-making ability and increased long-term effects of drugs and alcohol. Understanding the causes of adolescent substance use is vital for successful prevention and intervention programs.

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Nest-site competition and killing by invasive parakeets cause the decline of a threatened bat population

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.172477 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 172477 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Dailos Hernández-Brito ◽

Martina Carrete ◽

Carlos Ibáñez ◽

Javier Juste ◽

José L. Tella

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Population Decline ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Individual Fitness ◽

Tree Cavities ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Site Competition

The identification of effects of invasive species is challenging owing to their multifaceted impacts on native biota. Negative impacts are most often reflected in individual fitness rather than in population dynamics of native species and are less expected in low-biodiversity habitats, such as urban environments. We report the long-term effects of invasive rose-ringed parakeets on the largest known population of a threatened bat species, the greater noctule, located in an urban park. Both species share preferences for the same tree cavities for breeding. While the number of parakeet nests increased by a factor of 20 in 14 years, the number of trees occupied by noctules declined by 81%. Parakeets occupied most cavities previously used by noctules, and spatial analyses showed that noctules tried to avoid cavities close to parakeets. Parakeets were highly aggressive towards noctules, trying to occupy their cavities, often resulting in noctule death. This led to a dramatic population decline, but also an unusual aggregation of the occupied trees, probably disrupting the complex social behaviour of this bat species. These results indicate a strong impact through site displacement and killing of competitors, and highlight the need for long-term research to identify unexpected impacts that would otherwise be overlooked.

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The obese patient (metabolic syndrome)

10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0168 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Maarit Korkeila ◽

Bengt Lindholm ◽

Peter Stenvinkel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Reverse Epidemiology ◽

Increased Risk

Overweight and obesity cause pathophysiological changes in renal function and increase the risk for chronic kidney disease in otherwise healthy subjects. This should not be a surprise as the risk factors for metabolic syndrome largely overlap with those for chronic kidney disease. Intentional weight loss has beneficial effects on risk factors, but long term effects are less clear. Bariatric surgery does seem to achieve rapid benefits on blood pressure and proteinuria as well as on other aspects of metabolic syndrome, but its long term implications for kidney function are less clear cut as there may be an increased risk of nephrolithiasis, and possibly AKI and other complications.Obesity in haemodialysis patients is one of those paradoxical examples of reverse epidemiology where a factor associated with negative outcomes in the general population is associated with better outcomes in dialysis patients. The same is true for high blood cholesterol values. Interpretation is complicated by complex competing outcomes and confounders.

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