scholarly journals A registered report on how implicit pro-rich bias is shaped by the perceiver's gender and socioeconomic status

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 191232
Author(s):  
Bradley D. Mattan ◽  
Jasmin Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Status ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
And Control ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Although high status is often considered a desirable quality, this may not always be the case. Different factors may moderate the value of high status along a dimension such as wealth (e.g. gender, perceiver income/education). For example, studies suggest men may value wealth and control over resources more than women. This may be especially true for high-income men who already have control over substantial resources. Other work suggests that low-income men and women may have different experiences in educational contexts compared to their richer peers who dominate norms at higher levels of education. These experiences may potentially lead to different attitudes about the wealthy among low-income men and women. In this registered report, we proposed two key predictions based on our review of the literature and analyses of pilot data from the Attitudes, Identities and Individual Differences (AIID) study ( n = 767): (H1) increasing income will be associated with increased pro-wealthy bias for men more than for women and (H2) income will also moderate the effect of education on implicit pro-wealthy bias, depending on gender. Overall, men showed greater implicit pro-wealthy bias than did women. However, neither of our hypotheses that income would moderate the effects of gender on implicit pro-wealthy bias were supported. These findings suggest implicit pro-wealthy bias among men and are discussed in the context of exploratory analyses of gender differences in self-reported beliefs and attitudes about the rich and the poor.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

scholarly journals Globalisation and older people: effects of markets and migration

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAIL WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Older People ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Older Men ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Older Men And Women

This paper discusses the material aspects of globalisation and the effects of the movements of trade, capital and people around the world on older men and women. While some older people have benefited, most notably where pensions and health care are well developed, the majority of older men and women are among the poor who have not. Free trade, economic restructuring, the globalisation of finance, and the surge in migration, have in most parts of the world tended to produce harmful consequences for older people. These developments have been overseen, and sometimes dictated, by inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Foundation (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while other IGOs with less power have been limited to anti-ageist exhortation. Globalisation transfers resources from the poor to the rich within and between countries. It therefore increases social problems while simultaneously diminishing the freedom and capacity of countries to make social policy. Nonetheless, the effects of globalisation, and particularly its financial dimensions, on a nation's capacity for making social policy can be exaggerated. Political will can combat international economic orthodoxy, but the evident cases are the exception rather than the rule.

Double Dearth Effect

2022 ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Judy Cañero Bautista ◽  
Al Ryanne Gabonada Gatcho
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Narrative Inquiry ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Literacy Practices ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter presents a narrative inquiry on the life experiences of three Filipino families who belong to each representation of socioeconomic status. Furthermore, it unpacks the temporal, social, and geophysical or spatial elements of their narratives in relation to the disruptive effects of the coronavirus pandemic on their resources, access, and literacy practices. Subsequent to securing their consent, each family was subjected to an online recorded semi-structured interview where they shared their life experiences. The recorded responses were later transcribed and analyzed using Montero and Washington's lens in exploring narratives. The researchers ultimately provide collaborative narratives of the three families' experiences and theorize on the specific experiences of poor or low-income families against the experiences of the middle class and the rich or high-income families. The researchers end the chapter by offering a working definition of their concept called the double-dearth effect.

scholarly journals Depression Fully Mediates the Effect of Multimorbidity on Self-Rated Health for Economically Disadvantaged African American Men but Not Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
James Smith ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Rated Health

Background. Although chronic medical conditions (CMCs), depression, and self-rated health (SRH) are associated, their associations may depend on race, ethnicity, gender, and their intersections. In predominantly White samples, SRH is shown to better reflect the risk of mortality and multimorbidity for men than it is for women, which suggests that poor SRH among women may be caused not only by CMCs, but also by conditions like depression and social relations—a phenomenon known as “the sponge hypothesis.” However, little is known about gender differences in the links between multimorbidity, depression, and SRH among African Americans (AAs). Objective. To study whether depression differently mediates the association between multimorbidity and SRH for economically disadvantaged AA men and women. Methods. This survey was conducted in South Los Angeles between 2015 to 2018. A total number of 740 AA older adults (age ≥ 55 years) were enrolled in this study, of which 266 were AA men and 474 were AA women. The independent variable was the number of CMCs. The dependent variable was SRH. Age and socioeconomic status (educational attainment and marital status) were covariates. Depression was the mediator. Gender was the moderator. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Results. In the pooled sample that included both genders, depression partially mediated the effect of multimorbidity on SRH. In gender specific models, depression fully mediated the effects of multimorbidity on SRH for AA men but not AA women. For AA women but not AA men, social isolation was associated with depression. Conclusion. Gender differences exist in the role of depression as an underlying mechanism behind the effect of multimorbidity on the SRH of economically disadvantaged AA older adults. For AA men, depression may be the reason people with multimorbidity report worse SRH. For AA women, depression is only one of the many reasons individuals with multiple CMCs report poor SRH. Prevention of depression may differently influence the SRH of low-income AA men and women with multimorbidity.

scholarly journals Do the Rich and the Poor Have Different Conceptions of Democracy? Socioeconomic Status, Inequality, and the Political Status Quo

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besir Ceka ◽  
Pedro C. Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
High Status ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Status Inequality ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we investigate how socioeconomic status is related to people's commitment to liberal democracy. Based on sociological and psychological theories of social conflict and dominance, we argue that those who enjoy a more privileged position in the social hierarchy tend to develop stronger preferences for the existing social and political order. Conversely, people in underprivileged positions tend to be less supportive of that order. Hence, we expect the relationship between socioeconomic status and commitment to liberal democracy to be context-specific: positive in liberal democracies but negative in autocracies. Furthermore, we argue that income inequality amplifies these dynamics, widening the gap between low and high status individuals. We test our hypotheses using the fifth wave of the World Value Surveys.

scholarly journals The Structure of Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOAM LUPU ◽  
JONAS PONTUSSON
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Advanced Capitalist

Against the current consensus among comparative political economists, we argue that inequality matters for redistributive politics in advanced capitalist societies, but it is the structure of inequality, not the level of inequality, that matters. Our theory posits that middle-income voters will be inclined to ally with low-income voters and support redistributive policies when the distance between the middle and the poor is small relative to the distance between the middle and the rich. We test this proposition with data from 15 to 18 advanced democracies and find that both redistribution and nonelderly social spending increase as the dispersion of earnings in the upper half of the distribution increases relative to the dispersion of earnings in the lower half of the distribution. In addition, we present survey evidence on preferences for redistribution among middle-income voters that is consistent with our theory and regression results indicating that left parties are more likely to participate in government when the structure of inequality is characterized by skew.

The Single Parent Family: A Review of the Literature

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Penny Burgess ◽  
Michael S. Nystul
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Single Parents ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Helping Professions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Single Parent Family ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
And Control

At least 160,000 Australian men and women are single parents as the result of separation, divorce, death of the spouse, or birth out of wedlock (Social Welfare Commission, 1976). With the custody, care and control of approximately 282,000 children, these single parents can face an array of social problems and, as Schlesinger (1972) observed, warrant greater attention from the helping professions.

scholarly journals Dynamics of reallocation within India’s income distribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Sahasranaman ◽  
Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
The Rich

AbstractIt is well known that inequality has been rising in India in the recent past, but the assumption has been that while the rich benefit more than proportionally from economic growth, the poor are also better off than before. Our modelled outcomes (using the RGBM framework) cast doubt on this proposition. We find that the income share dynamics are consistent with a negative reallocation since the early 2000s, i.e., the Indian income distribution possibly entered a regime of perverse redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich. Our model suggests that the historically low-income shares of the bottom decile (~ 1%) and bottom percentile (~ 0.03%) are possibly due to a decline in real incomes in the 2000s. We find qualified support for these theoretical predictions using income distribution data. We characterize these findings in the context of increasing informalization of the workforce in the formal manufacturing and service sectors as well as the growing economic insecurity of the agricultural workforce in India. Significant structural changes will be required to address this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Lay Theories of Workplace Stress – Evidence from a Romanian Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-106
Author(s):  
Irina Macsinga ◽  
Cristina Trifa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Workplace Stress ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
And Control

This study aims at investigating Romanian employees’ intuitive beliefs concerning the causes of workplacestress as well as the solutions for reducing it. Another objectives aim to measure the gender differences at the levelof these beliefs and the relation between these beliefs and the tenure. Atotal of 104 employees (50% women) whooccupy various hierarchic levels in different organizations completed a questionnaire derived from the questionsused in Rydstedt, Devereux, & Furnham’s study (2004). The questionnaire contains items for the causes of workplacestress as well as for the solutions for reducing it. Factor analysis provided a solution with 6 factors for causesand 5 factors for solutions. Age difference and conflict, gender differences, and supervisor attitude and job satisfactionare the factors that reveal significant differences between men and women. Also, results show a negativesignificant correlation between the tenure in organization and the factor named excess information and hierarchy.Identifying its own employees’ beliefs regarding stress can contribute to the organizational strategies developmentfor the reduction and control of occupational stress.

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