scholarly journals Discussion on the theory of relativity

1920 ◽  
Vol 97 (681) ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Universal Principle ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Principle Of Relativity

Mr. J. H. Jeans: During the last century, two great dominating principles of physics emerged—the Conservation of Energy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The present century has already added a third member to this list, the principle of Relativity, which we are to discuss to-day. The three principles have in common that they do not explain how or why events happen; they merely limit the types of events which can happen. Thus the principle of Conservation of Energy shows that water cannot flow uphill; the Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that heat cannot flow from a cold body to a hot; the principle of Relativity shows that a planet cannot describe a perfect ellipse about the sun as focus. But it would be as unreasonable to expect the principle of Relativity to explain why a planet describes an orbit or how a ray of light is propagated as it would to propound the same questions to the principle of Conservation of Energy or the Second Law of Thermodynamics. All three principles deal with events, and not with the mechanism of events. The main interest of the new theory, however, is not merely that it discloses a new universal principle; it is rather that it discloses a new universe. Our former belief that the foundations of science had been laid for all time has been shattered; we now find that the land on which we had built was largely a mirage. New and mysterious continents appear for science to explore, but it is not for the theory of Relativity to explore them. The methods of that theory are destructive rather than constructive, and, when the theory predicts a positive result, it is invariably for the same reason, namely, that a process of exhaustion shows that any other result would be impossible.

In a holistic perspective, time is absolute and relativity a direct consequence of the conservation of total energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-501
Author(s):  
Tuomo Suntola
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Holistic Perspective ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Whole Space

We are taught to think that the description of relativistic phenomena requires distorted time and distance. The message of this essay is that, in a holistic perspective, time and distance are universal coordinate quantities, and relativity is a direct consequence of the conservation of energy. Instead of the kinematics/metrics-based approach of the theory of relativity, the dynamic universe (DU) approach starts from the dynamics of space as a whole and expresses relativity in terms of locally available energy instead of locally distorted time and distance. In such an approach, e.g., the frequency of atomic clocks at different states of motion and gravitation is obtained from the quantum mechanical solution of the characteristic frequencies, and the unique status of the velocity of light becomes understood via its linkage to the rest of space. In the kinematic/metrics-based theory of relativity, we postulate the principle of relativity, Lorentz covariance, the equivalence principle, the constancy of the speed of light, and the rest energy of mass objects. The conservation of momentum and energy is honored in local frames of reference, and time and distance are parameters in frame-to-frame observations. In the dynamics-based DU, the whole space is studied as a closed energy system and the energy in local structures is derived conserving the overall energy balance. Any local state of motion and gravitation in space is related, through a system of nested energy frames, to the state of rest in hypothetical homogeneous space, which serves as the universal frame of reference. Relativity of observations appears as a direct consequence of the overall energy balance and the linkage of local to the whole—with time and distance as universal coordinate quantities. DU postulates spherically closed space and zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation. DU does not need the relativity principle or any other postulates of the theory of relativity. Primarily, the theory of relativity is an empirically driven mathematical description of observations, with postulates formulated to support the mathematics. DU relies on mathematics built on the conservation of an overall zero-energy balance as the primary law of nature, which makes DU more like a metaphysically driven theory. Both approaches produce precise predictions. The choice is philosophical—nature is not dependent on the way we describe it.

scholarly journals ANALISIS EKSERGI PENGERINGAN IRISAN TEMULAWAK

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Lamhot Parulian Manalu ◽  
Armansyah Halomoan Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Thin Layer Drying ◽  
Curcuma Xanthorrhiza

Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a medicinal plant used as raw material for making herbal medicine, its rhizome cut into slices and dried so called simplicia. Curcuma has a harvest moisture content is high enough to need a great energy for drying. Generally, the theory used to analyze the energy efficiency is the first law of thermodynamics that describes the principle of conservation of energy. However, this theory has limitations in measuring the loss of energy quality. To determine whether the energy used in the drying process has been used optimally in terms of quality, the second law of thermodynamics -known as exergy analysis- is used. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of the thin layer drying of curcuma slices with exergy analysis. The results show that the process conditions affect the energy utilization ratio and exergy efficiency of drying. Exergy analysis method based on the second law of thermodynamics has been used to determine the amount of exergy destroyed so that the efficiency of the drying process can be determined more accurately. Exergy efficiency varies between 96.5%-100% for temperatures of 50 °C to 70 °C at 40% RH and 82.3% - 100% for 20% to 40% RH at 50 °C.Keywords: Drying, energy, exergy efficiency, curcuma slices ABSTRAKTemulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan tanaman obat yang simplisianya digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan jamu atau obat tradisional. Pengeringan merupakan proses utama dalam memproduksi simplisia. Untuk menganalisis efisiensi energi suatu proses pengeringan umumnya digunakan hukum termodinamika pertama yang menjelaskan tentang prinsip kekekalan energi. Akan tetapi teori ini mempunyai keterbatasan dalam mengukur penurunan kualitas energi. Untuk mengetahui apakah energi yang digunakan pada proses pengeringan sudah digunakan secara optimal dari sisi kualitas, digunakan hukum termodinamika kedua atau yang dikenal dengan analisis eksergi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan efisiensi proses pengeringan lapisan tipis irisan temulawak dengan metode analisis energi dan eksergi. Dalam studi ini, metode analisis energi dan eksergi berdasarkan hukum termodinamika pertama dan kedua telah digunakan untuk menghitung rasio penggunaan energi dan besaran eksergi yang musnah (exergy loss). sehingga efisiensi proses pengeringan irisan temulawak dapat ditentukan secara akurat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi proses pengeringan mempengaruhi rasio penggunaan energi dan efisiensi eksergi pengeringan. Semakin tinggi suhu dan RH pengeringan maka rasio penggunaan energi semakin rendah dan efisiensi eksergi semakin tinggi. Efisiensi eksergi pengeringan temulawak bervariasi antara 96,5%-100% untuk selang suhu 50 oC hingga 70 oC pada RH 40% serta 82,3% - 100% untuk selang RH 20% hingga 40% pada suhu 50 oC. Kata kunci: Pengeringan, energi, efisiensi eksergi, temulawak

New experimental tests of the special principle of relativity

1962 ◽  
Vol 270 (1342) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Absolute Velocity ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Velocity Of Propagation

In view of the far-reaching consequences of Einstein’s principle of relativity it is quite remarkable how few direct experimental tests of this principle have actually been performed. The classical experiments by Michelson (1881), and by Michelson & Morley (1887), on which the theory of relativity was based, date back to the end of the last century. Michelson & Morley utilized an interferometer arrangement which should allow the detection of a possible influence of the absolute velocity of the laboratory on the velocity of propagation of light. In accordance with the principle of relativity, no such influence was revealed by these experiments. However, this result was contested by Miller (1933), and even the later more accurate experiments of this type, performed by Joos as late as in 1930, provided only an upper limit for the ether drift of 1.5 km/s. Although this value is a good deal smaller than the 30 km/s of the earth’s motion around the sun, it is perhaps fair to say that if the principle of relativity had to be based on these experiments only, its foundation would be somewhat shaky. It is true that by now we have good experimental verifications of a large number of special relativity effects which ultimately are based on the principle of relativity. Nevertheless, it would be desirable to have other direct tests of this principle with a higher accuracy than the experiments of the Michelson-Morley type.

On the kinetic theory of wave propagation in random media

1973 ◽  
Vol 274 (1242) ◽  
pp. 523-549 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Scattering Theory ◽  
Random Media ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Random Medium ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Transfer Processes

This paper considers the theory of the multiple scattering of waves in extensive random media. The classical theory of wave propagation in random media is discussed with reference to its practical limitations, and in particular to the inability of the lowest order approximation to the Bethe-Salpeter equation, which describes the propagation of correlations, to account for conservation of energy. An alternative kinetic theory is formulated, based on the theory of energy transfer processes in random media. The proposed theory satisfies conservation of energy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It is illustrated by a consideration of three problems each of which is difficult or impossible to treat by classical scattering theory. These involve the transmission of energy through a slab of random medium; the scattering theory of geometrical optics; and scattering by a randomly inhomogeneous half-space.

Frederic Leighton's Flaming June, Thermodynamics, and the Heat Death of the Sun

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-125
Author(s):  
Laura Franchetti
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Dominant Focus ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Heat Death ◽  
The Impact

At the close of the nineteenth century, amid pervasive fears of decadence and widespread pessimism, Frederic Leighton (1830–96) completed Flaming June (1895). Taking as its starting point Victorian responses to the work that seem incomprehensible to viewers today, this paper examines the possible meaning behind Flaming June's more impenetrable iconography. The following discussion highlights the significance of thermodynamics in the work's cultural context. It examines the impact of an implication of the second law of thermodynamics, known as the Sun's heat death – a fated apocalyptic event – and suggests that this resonated with late Victorian audiences plagued by concerns of degeneration and decadence. Considered within this context, this paper reveals further layers of meaning embedded within the imagery of Flaming June available to a Victorian audience, but which have since been eclipsed by a dominant focus on other aspects of the painting's cultural milieu.

scholarly journals Revisiting the nature of dark sunspots: the sun as a heat engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Soika Alexander Kuzmich
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Second Law ◽  
The Sun

This work is a continuation of the author's studies,1,2,3 related to the elucidation of the physical nature of dark sunspots. They showed that the appearance of cold sunspots, the temperature of which is below the temperature of the photosphere, is incompatible with the second law of thermodynamics. Sunspots in the Sun's photosphere can only be hot. This article provides a thermodynamic analysis of the work of the Sun as a heat engine. It is shown that sunspots are dissipative structures that spontaneously appear in the photosphere of the Sun and ensure its viability as a source of optical radiation. Sunspots play the role of a cooler for the sun's global heat engine, and without them its radiant glow would be impossible, just like the operation of any heat engine without a cold heat sink. In addition, it is shown that all the phenomena of solar activity are caused by the operation of the photospheric heat engine of the Sun, in which sunspots are the source of heat.

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

The Analogical Turn (1884–1887)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Darrigol
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Mechanical System ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Equipartition Theorem ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
H Theorem

This chapter recounts how Boltzmann reacted to Hermann Helmholtz’s analogy between thermodynamic systems and a special kind of mechanical system (the “monocyclic systems”) by grouping all attempts to relate thermodynamics to mechanics, including the kinetic-molecular analogy, into a family of partial analogies all derivable from what we would now call a microcanonical ensemble. At that time, Boltzmann regarded ensemble-based statistical mechanics as the royal road to the laws of thermal equilibrium (as we now do). In the same period, he returned to the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in reply to Peter Guthrie Tait’s attack on the equipartition theorem. He also made a non-technical survey of the second law of thermodynamics seen as a law of probability increase.

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