Some magnetic properties of metals I. General introduction, and properties of large systems of electrons

1952 ◽  
Vol 211 (1107) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Magnetic Behaviour ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Degeneracy Parameter

A general introduction surveying the problems to be examined in a series of papers is followed by a detailed treatment of the magnetic behaviour of a large system of electrons. The Schrödinger equation is solved on the assumption that the system is unbounded, and the modifications caused by the finite size of the system are then determined for the limiting case in which the system is much larger than the electronic orbits. An expression is then obtained for the density of states, and the free energy of the system found assuming that k T < E 0 , where E 0 is the degeneracy parameter. The magnetic susceptibility, thermodynamic potential and specific heat are discussed for the two cases N constant and E 0 constant. Explicit formulae are given for the temperature-dependence of the field-independent term in the susceptibility. In the final section the corrections due to electron spin are introduced.

Introduction to the Tirap Area

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Final Section ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
National Socialist

The second chapter is a general introduction, both geographical as well as historical, to the ‘Tirap’ area where the Tangsa live in Assam. It also contains a description of the ethnic diversity of the area, where tribal groups such as the Tangsa, the Singpho, the Sema Naga and the Tai Phake live together with other communities such as the Nepali, the Ahoms and the Tea-tribes; Also discussed are the problems that the older tribal groups face as a result of the large number of new settlers coming to the area, the consequent gradual polarisation that is taking place there, and the state’s reaction to the prevailing situation, which finds expression in two events—first in the organization of the annual state-sponsored multi-ethnic Dihing-Patkai Festival in that area and secondly in the recent formation of a Development Council for eight ethnic groups (including the Tangsa). The coming of Baptist Christianity amongst the Tangsa and a brief summary of militant activities of the two insurgent organizations, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), active in the region, are also discussed. The final section introduces the problems that arise due to the Assamese hegemonic attitudes towards the smaller ethnic groups living in Assam.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Liam Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Final Section ◽  
General Introduction

This comprises a general introduction to the topic of independents. It begins with a discussion as to the meaning of the concept, and what is understood by an independent for the purposes of this study, particularly in relation to the role of such a representative vis-à-vis government and parliament. There then follows a rationale for a book on this topic, before the international and Irish experience of independents is briefly examined, and in particular the evolution of parliamentary representation from Independent to political party, with a discussion of how parties have become dominant. The final section outlines the central premise of this book and its structure, detailing how the question of an independent presence can be explained.

AUTOMATIC WRITING AND GRAMMELOT IN CLAUDE VIVIER'S LANGUE INVENTÉE

Tempo ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (270) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Christian
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Commedia Dell'arte ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Dario Fo ◽  
Automatic Writing ◽  
Final Work ◽  
Nonsense Syllables

AbstractFrench-Canadian composer Claude Vivier (1948–1983) is one of the few composers, perhaps the only one, to use an invented language throughout his entire compositional career. Vivier's use of what he called his langue inventée (‘invented language’) spanned the first vocal work in his catalogue – Ojikawa (1968) – to his final work, Glaubst du an die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (1983), completed only shortly before his murder in March 1983. Despite the pervasiveness of this technique – in fact, it is the only technique that remains a constant across all of Vivier's stylistic periods – relatively little attention has been given to the langue inventée in scholarship. This article presents a description of Vivier's langue inventée in three parts, beginning with a general introduction. The second part presents the langue inventée as a product of automatic writing and engages directly with Vivier's sketches to propose a method that Vivier likely used to write much of his langue inventée text. The final section of the article presents Vivier's langue inventée as a form of grammelot – a term revived by playwright, actor and director Dario Fo (1926–), which is associated with the dialect theatre of the Commedia dell'arte tradition. This article aims to demonstrate that Vivier's langue inventée is not a just a string of unintelligible nonsense syllables, but rather a very purposeful grammelot, freely composed in a two-stage approach to automatic writing, that reaches beyond linguistic semantics.

Analytic expressions for fluorescence spectra and optical collision rates of collisionally perturbed atoms in a strong driving field

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Schuller ◽  
G. Nienhuis
Keyword(s):  
Collision Operator ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
Pressure Broadening ◽  
Driving Field ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Intensity Field ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Optical Collisions ◽  
Weak Fields

We have studied the problem of a collisionally perturbed two-level atom in an intense driving field by developing a method which allows us to calculate the field-dependent collision operator in terms of the low intensity field-independent line-broadening function arising in the usual unified theory of pressure broadening. Our relations are exact to all orders in the field in the limiting case of weak collisions, but they are exact also in the complementary case of strong collisions and weak fields. We apply our results to derive explicit expressions for the rate of optical collisions, the fluorescence spectrum in the case of well-separated components, and the absorption during an adiabatic square pulse.

An Ising iron(ii) chain exhibits a large finite-size energy barrier and “hard” magnetic behaviour

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1449-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Fei Deng ◽  
Tian Han ◽  
Wei Xue ◽  
Naoaki Hayashi ◽  
Hiroshi Kageyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Moment ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Magnetic Behaviour ◽  
Large Energy ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Single Chain Magnets

An iron(ii) chain was reported to exhibit a large energy barrier of 150 K, a large coercivity of 1.7 T and a high remnant magnetic moment of 1.55Nβ (2 K) among homo-spin single-chain magnets.

scholarly journals STABILITY OF COLOR-FLAVOR LOCKED STRANGELETS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (13n14) ◽  
pp. 3021-3030 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. KIRIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Thermodynamic Potential ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Finite Size Effects ◽  
Quark Coupling ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Quark Flavors

The stability of color-flavor locked (CFL) strangelets is studied in the three-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. We consider all quark flavors to be massless, for simplicity. By making use of the multiple reflection expansion, we explicitly take into account finite size effects and formulate the thermodynamic potential for CFL strangelets. We find that the CFL gap could be large enough so that the energy per baryon number of CFL strangelets is greatly affected. In addition, if the quark–quark coupling constant is larger than a certain critical value, there is a possibility of finding absolutely stable CFL strangelets.

STUDY OF FINITE SIZE EFFECTS ON DIRECTED SPIRAL PERCOLATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (29) ◽  
pp. 5555-5564 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. SANTRA
Keyword(s):  
Finite Size ◽  
System Size ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Finite Size Effects ◽  
Infinite Cluster ◽  
Percolation Clusters ◽  
Large Lattice ◽  
Infinite Network ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Good Agreement

Percolation under both directional and rotational constraints is studied numerically on the square lattice of different finite sizes L. The critical percolation threshold pc≈0.655 of the infinite network is determined by extrapolating the finite size data. The fractal dimension df of the infinite percolation clusters is found df≈1.72 from the finite size scaling, S∞~Ldf where S∞ is the mass of the infinite cluster. The critical exponents are estimated as a function of the system size L. It is seen that the results of smaller systems converge to that of the large systems. The results are then extrapolated to the infinite network. The extrapolated results for the infinite network are compared with Monte Carlo results on a single large lattice. A good agreement is found.

Some magnetic properties of metals. V. Magnetic behaviour of a cylindrical system of electrons for all magnetic fields

1953 ◽  
Vol 216 (1124) ◽  
pp. 118-142 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Wave Function ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cylindrical System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Large Systems

The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method is used to solve the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a uniform magnetic field H , the boundary of the system being a cylinder with its axis lying along the direction of the field. It is found that there are two entirely different types of wave-function possible, one type leading to the small Landau diamagnetism of large systems discussed in part I of this series, the other to the larger diamagnetism of small systems discussed in part IV. Taking into account the occupied states of both types, the steady (non-periodic) contributions to the magnetic susceptibility are derived for all fields in both the low- and high-temperature limits, and for most fields at intermediate temperatures.

scholarly journals On optimal cloaking-by-mapping transformations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Capdeboscq ◽  
Michael Vogelius
Keyword(s):  
Minimization Problem ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Energy Minimization ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Outer Boundary ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Degree Of Anisotropy

Abstract. A central ingredient of cloaking-by-mapping is the diffeomorphisn which transforms an annulus with a small hole into an annulus with a finite size hole, while being the identity on the outer boundary of the annulus. The resulting meta-material is anisotropic, which makes it difficult to manufacture. The problem of minimizing anisotropy among radial transformations has been studied in [4]. In this work, as in [4], we formulate the problem of minimizing anisotropy as an energy minimization problem. Our main goal is to provide strong evidence for the conjecture that for cloaks with circular boundaries, non-radial transformations do not lead to lower degree of anisotropy. In the final section, we consider cloaks with non-circular boundaries and show that in this case, non-radial cloaks may be advantageous, when it comes to minimizing anisotropy.

The Synthesis and Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles

2005 ◽  
Vol 494 ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miha Drofenik ◽  
Darja Lisjak ◽  
Darko Makovec
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Magnetic Behaviour ◽  
Magnetic Nanomaterials ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Individual Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles are materials of great interest because of the remarkable fundamental properties exhibited by these materials as well as their technological potential in the area of biomedicine and other areas. The technologically useful properties of magnetic nanomaterials are not limited to their structural, chemical or mechanical behaviour, but also involve the phenomena that arise from their finite size and the surface effects that dominate the magnetic behaviour of individual nanoparticles. New techniques that have been developed recently have permitted researchers to produce larger quantities of nanomaterials and characterize them better. Here, some of the most promising procedures are reported, including techniques based on hydrothermal syntheses, sol-gel syntheses, co-precipitation syntheses, mechanochemical syntheses, sonochemical syntheses, spray pyrolysis and microemulsion-assisted syntheses.

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