Coordination changes in front-crawl swimming

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2237) ◽  
pp. 20200071
Author(s):  
R. Carmigniani ◽  
L. Seifert ◽  
D. Chollet ◽  
C. Clanet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Critical Velocity ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Propulsive Force ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Cycle

We report the evolution of the coordination with velocity in front-crawl swimming which is used in competitions over a large range of distances (from 50 m up to 25 km in open-water races). Inside this single stroke, top-level swimmers show different patterns of arm organization. At low velocities, swimmers select an alternated stroke with gliding pauses during their propulsion. The relative duration of the gliding pauses on a stroke cycle is independent of the velocity in this first regime. Above a critical velocity, the relative duration of the gliding pauses starts to decrease as speed increases. Above a second critical velocity, the gliding pauses disappear and the swimmers start to superpose their propulsion phases. These three regimes are first revealed experimentally and then studied theoretically. It appears that below the first critical velocity, swimmers use a constant coordination index and vary their speed by varying their propulsive force to minimize their cost of propulsion. For larger velocities, swimmers use their maximum propulsive force and vary their recovery time to increase further their speed. The physical model developed is general and could be applied to understand other modes of locomotion.

Effect of three different set-up conditions on the propulsive force measures, reliability, and ecological validity during front crawl tethered-swimming

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Otávio Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo ◽  
Clara Knierim Correia ◽  
Gustavo Soares Pereira ◽  
Luciano Sales Prado ◽  
Helio Roesler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Propulsive Force ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Set Up

Stroking Characteristics of Front Crawl Swimming during Exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari L. Keskinen ◽  
Paavo V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Stroke Cycle

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the relationships among the stroking characteristics between different phases of swimming exercises, and to determine whether these relationships would change in relation to enhanced swimming intensity. The experimental design consisted of the measurement of mean velocity (V), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and duration of different phases of a stroke cycle for each pool length in five to six 400-m swims and two 100-m swims. The results showed that the basic relationships among the stroke parameters during the test exercises were almost similar to those observed in competition. However, the relationships changed with enhanced swimming intensity. It is suggested that the degree of anaerobic lactacid metabolism may determine the characteristics of stroking while swimming. The reduction of SL above the lactate threshold would be connected to the accumulation of blood lactate, whereas SR would primarily be determined by the ability to maintain adequate neural activation.

Capability Plots of Dynamic Positioning in Ice

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofien Kerkeni ◽  
Ivan Metrikin ◽  
Peter Jochmann
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Dynamic Positioning ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
High Fidelity Simulation ◽  
Wave Loads ◽  
Test Results

Dynamic positioning (DP) capability plots in open water are essential tools both for ship design and operational risk assessment. Currently the capability plots are widely used by the whole ship sector. Furthermore, the calculations and representations of the capability plots have been standardized by the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA). In a capability plot, the wind, current and wave loads are taken into account and the plots are given in polar coordinates [1]. Recent research and ice basin experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of DP operations in ice-covered waters [2]. However, the design of a similar analysis tool as the capability plot is complicated by both a large range of ice parameters and the lack of understanding of the ship/ice interaction physics at low relative velocities [3]. In this paper, the influence of several ice parameters is studied in order to identify the most important variables for DP in ice. The study comprises both ice basin experiments and numerical simulations. The ice basin test results are extracted from the trials carried out at the large ice tank of Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) within the scope of the European research and development project DYPIC [2]. The numerical modelling is based on a novel high-fidelity simulation approach which is discussed in the paper. Finally, “ice capability plots” are drawn under certain hypothesis and assumptions.

scholarly journals Is There Any Effect of Symmetry on Velocity of the Four Swimming Strokes?

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Raul Filipe Bartolomeu ◽  
Pedro Rodrigues ◽  
Catarina Costa Santos ◽  
Mário Jorge Costa ◽  
Tiago Manuel Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Force Production ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Propulsive Force ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Limb Asymmetry ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Full Body

The different characteristics of the four swimming strokes affect the interplay between the four limbs, acting as a constraint to the force produced by each hand and foot. The purpose of this study was to analyze the symmetry of force production with a varying number of limbs in action and see its effect on velocity. Fifteen male swimmers performed four all-out bouts of 25-m swims in the four strokes in full-body stroke and segmental actions. A differential pressure system was used to measure the hands/feet propulsive force and a mechanical velocity meter was used to measure swimming velocity. Symmetry index was calculated based on the force values. All strokes and conditions presented contralateral limb asymmetries (ranging from 6.73% to 28% for the peak force and from 9.3% to 35.7% for the mean force). Backstroke was the most asymmetric stroke, followed-up by butterfly, front crawl, and breaststroke. Kicking conditions elicited the higher asymmetries compared with arm-pull conditions. No significant associations were found between asymmetries and velocity. The absence of such association suggests that, to a certain and unknown extent, swimming may benefit from contralateral limb asymmetry.

scholarly journals Changes in Selected Parameters of Swimming Technique in the Back Crawl and the Front Crawl in Young Novice Swimmers

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Damian Jerszyński ◽  
Katarzyna Antosiak-Cyrak ◽  
Małgorzata Habiera ◽  
Krystian Wochna ◽  
Elżbieta Rostkowska
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elbow Angle ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Stroke Cycle ◽  
Swimming Technique

The study aimed to examine changes in selected angular characteristics and duration of the stroke cycle in the back crawl and the front crawl in children learning to swim. Nine boys and two girls, aged 8-13 years, performed seven consecutive swimming tests. The children’s movement technique was recorded with the use of three video cameras. The studied parameters included the angle of incidence between the trunk long axis and the waterline, elbow angle, shoulders roll, stroke cycle duration and stroke length. The results illustrate the development of swimming technique in youth swimmers. The results of the present study indicate the variability and phasing of learning of swimming technique by children.

scholarly journals Estimate of propulsive force in front crawl swimming in young athletes

2012 ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Adalberto Veronese da Costa ◽  
Marcos André dos Santos ◽  
Barbosa Junior ◽  
Manoel da Cunha Costa ◽  
Wilson Viana de Castro Melo
Keyword(s):  
Propulsive Force ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Front Crawl

scholarly journals Intracyclic Velocity Variation and Arm Coordination for Different Skilled Swimmers in the Front Crawl

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuda ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Yasushi Ikuta ◽  
Teruo Nomura ◽  
Shingo Oda
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Arm Coordination ◽  
Stroke Cycle

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine whether the intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) was lower in elite swimmers than in beginner swimmers at various velocities, and whether differences may be related to arm coordination. Seven elite and nine beginner male swimmers swam front crawl at four different swimming velocities (maximal velocity, 75%, 85%, and 95% of maximal swimming velocity). The index of arm coordination (IDC) was calculated as the lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm. IVV was determined from the coefficient of variation of horizontal velocity within one stroke cycle. IVV for elite swimmers was significantly lower (26%) than that for beginner swimmers at all swimming velocities . In contrast, the IDC was similar between elite and beginner swimmers. These data suggest that IVV is a strong predictor of the skill level for front crawl, and that elite swimmers have techniques to decrease IVV. However, the IDC does not contribute to IVV differences between elite and beginner swimmers.

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