scholarly journals Reciprocal innervation and symmetrical muscles

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ordinary Sense ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Biological Meaning ◽  
Vasomotor Reflexes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

If we attempt to decipher the biological meaning of reciprocal innervation its various instances when marshalled together say plainly that one of the functional problems which it meets and solves is mechanical antagonism. Where two muscles have directly opposed effect on the same lever, “reciprocal innervation” is the general rule observed by the nervous system in dealing with them, and this holds whether the reciprocal innervation is peripheral as with the antagonists of the arthropod claw, or is central as with vertebrate skeletal muscles. Also where one and the same muscle is governed by two nerves influencing it oppositely, reciprocal innervation seems again the principle followed in the co-ordination of the two opponent centres, as has been shown by Bayliss in his observations on vasomotor reflexes. But the distribution and occurrence of reciprocal innervation extend beyond cases of mere mechanical antagonism. The reflex influence exerted by the limb-afferents on symmetrical muscle-pairs such as right knee-extensor and left is reciprocal. Thus right peroneal nerve excites the motoneurones of left vastocrureus, and concomitantly inhibits those of the right. The reflex inhibition of the one is concurrent with, increases with increase, and decreases with decrease of, the excitatory effect on the other. Here the muscles are not in any ordinary sense antagonistic; not only do they not operate on the same lever, but they are not even members of the same limb, nor do they belong even to the same half of the body. They are, however, actuated conversely in the most usual modes of progression—the walking and the running step—though not always in galloping.

The Pragmatic Electorate

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
The One ◽  
City State ◽  
The Right

Political science has dealt too long, on the one hand, with the ideal, and, on the other hand, with the abnormal and perverted features of political society, rather than with the normal and the eventual. Our theory of ideal democracy is perhaps more suited to the Greek and Roman city-state, with participation as the test of the good citizen. Representation has been heralded as the device which makes the ancient ideal possible on a large scale. But in practice it has been found that the enormous expansion of the public, i.e., the body of persons who have the right of participation, has made the problem far more complex than was at first thought possible. Greek ideals of education and coercion of the citizen body toward general improvement have been carried out with greater success, and our statute books reflect a Hobbesian attitude toward human nature which is true only in part. The political philosophy of democracy must be built on the facts of political life.Shall we break with the Greek and Roman ideal of the participation of the citizen group in the affairs of the state? It is true that the present attitude is a revised form of the democratic ideal of antiquity, but with a different interpretation of the meaning of citizenship. All democratic governments must finally rest on some theory of the suffrage; any study of the fact of non-voting must be based on a theory of the suffrage likewise. With the expansion of the theory of citizenship to include all subjects, a corresponding theory of limited participation was developed—no doubt a product of the Middle Ages. The totality of citizens was distrusted, and some test of participation had to be devised. Such was the origin of religious tests for political participation; such was the origin of the distinction between the right to vote and the fact of citizenship.

scholarly journals Appealing against Decisions on Reimbursement of Procedural Costs Made in accordance with Part 3 of Art. 131 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
S. R. Zelenin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Procedural Costs ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
Judicial Procedure ◽  
The Right

The legality and validity of the decisions of the investigator, inquirer and the prosecutor on the payment  of the amounts related to procedural costs remain problematic due to the absence in the law of a mechanism  ensuring the judicial procedure for their appeal.  In order to fill this gap, the author studies the possibilities of introducing a procedure similar to the one enshrined  in Art. 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The paper analyzes the positions of the  Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 18-P dated May 13, 2021. It concerns the  victims’ appeal against the decisions of the investigator and the head of the investigative body regarding the  reimbursement of expenses for a representative. Some examples of judicial practice for resolving other disputes  related to the reimbursement of procedural costs are also analyzed.  It is concluded that the right of a person claiming to receive the amounts provided for in Part 2 of Art. 131 of the  Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation against a judicial appeal made at his request is universal  and does not depend either on his status in a criminal case, or on the type of the indicated amounts, or on the  body or official that made the contested decision.  Taking into account the practice of applying other norms on appealing against decisions of the investigating  bodies, it was proposed to introduce Art. 125.2. The author formulate its content given the characteristics of the  participants in the proceedings and the powers of the court to resolve the complaint.

The Coagulation System during the Passage of Blood through the Body

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 326-335
Author(s):  
KL Schimpf ◽  
P Barth ◽  
J Bartman ◽  
J Freienberg ◽  
B Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
Contact Activation ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Vena Portae

SummaryIn rabbits blood was taken simultaneously from the right heart, aorta, vena cava caudalis, and vena portae. The samples were examined for activities of factors II, VIII, X, contact activation product, antithrombin III, anti-plasma-thromboplastin, for thrombin time, fibrin polymerization time, R+K values in the TEG and platelet count. The parameters were found to change significantly during circulation. The greatest differences were found between right heart on the one hand, and renal vein and portal vein on the other. In 8 of 10 cases the arithmitical means of the tested parameters showed highest or lowest values respectively in the renal vein.

A kalpis from Piraeus Street by Polygnotos

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Olga E. Tzachou-Alexandri
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The kalpis published here was found in 1961 in Piraeus Street. The scene depicted on the body of the vase comprises four young women. The principal person, around whom the representation is organised, is a woman seated on a chair. She wears a chiton and a himation, has a diadem on her head and her two hands hold a larnax on her knees. The other three women are standing. They are dressed in pepla and the two on the right also wear diadems. The one standing in front of her holds an exaleiptron. High up in the background above the head of the seated woman hangs a wreath. The artistic style recalls Polygnotos and a comparison with his other works dates our kalpis to the decade 450–440 BC, in his early period. The graffito on the mouth of the vase, ON…I, is a known trade mark and probably concerns its price. The scene, which is set in a gynaeceum, is interpreted as the adornment of a bride, and is one of the earliest such representations known. It was probably inspired by wall painting. The Piraeus Street kalpis has now answered the question of the origin of this type of gynaeceum scene, which must be ascribed to Polygnotos himself and not to one of the artists of his Group.

scholarly journals Music and Gymnastic harmonization under the viewpoint of the platonic meaning of life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantina I. Gongaki ◽  
Stavros Kapranos
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
The Real ◽  
Soul Music ◽  
Philosophical Education ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Living Being

The essence of life according to Plato is summed up in the tendency of every living being to protect itself and its species from death, by searching immortality. This pursuit is achieved either by reproduction or by intellectual creation. In order for the soul to conquer the existence which will be worthy of man, it must separate from the mortal body. The highest goal of philosophical education is the soul to be led to the view of the idea of the good (agatho), which is the foundation of all knowledge. Thereunto, specific courses are proposed, Music, Gymnastics, Mathematics and Dialectics. Music is preceded temporal and absolute by gymnastics. The school of Pythagoras was the first to put the music-soul relationship, in the service of upbringing and mental physique.               Plato attempts to establish man's tendency for rhythm and movement in nature and in the gods. At the same time, he emphasizes the balance between mental and physical education, in order to form the right ethos. For the best fulfillment of these terms, the two superior parts of the soul must be properly trained, the logical with music and the thymoides with gymnastics. The symmetrical movement of the body is ensured by exercise, while for the soul, music and philosophy are used. This targeted intervention will lead them to a harmonious connection. Moreover, it should be ensured that the movements are symmetrical with each other. This is the real goodness (kalokagathia). The unilateral cultivation of gymnastics at the expense of music is considered the main cause of the decline of the excellent republic and the decadence in oligarchy, in the regimein which the morality is imposed by violent, uneducated people who will have neglected the real Muse, the one who is accompanied by the logic and philosophy. 

scholarly journals Vitriolage: A Case of a 19-Year-Old Girl

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Mohammad Jubaidul Kabir ◽  
Palash Kumar Bose ◽  
Farhana Salam
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Acid Attack ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Serous Discharge ◽  
The Face ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Burnt Areas

Acid throwing, also called an acid attack or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault. It is defined as the act of throwing strong corrosive on the body of a person “with the intention of injuring or disfiguring [them] out of jealousy or revenge”. Here we present a case of a 19- year-old girl who was victimized because she refused a love proposal. She was admitted in the One Stop Crisis Center (OCC) of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Acid burn injuries involved whole of the right side of the face, front and adjacent right side of the neck, right shoulder and front of the right side of the chest. The burnt areas were wet with serous discharge. She was treated with intravenous fluid, antibacterial ointment on her affected area, her wounds were washed with plenty of water and sodium-bi-carbonate, antibacterial eye ointment was applied on her eyes, tetanus toxoid and analgesics were given.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(1): 47-50

An interesting new gastrotrich from littoral meiobenthos (Long Beach Island, USA), with a key to species of Tetranchyroderma (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida)

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Todaro
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atlantic City ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sediment Layers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Marine representatives of the phylum Gastrotricha are reported for the first time from the State of New Jersey, USA. Littoral and shallow sublittoral sediment collected at Ship Bottom on Long Beach Island, near Atlantic City, yielded 11 species belonging to eight genera in six families in the orders Macrodasyida (four genera in three families) and Chaetonotida (four genera in three families). Littoral samples were richer than the one sublittoral sample (7 vs 4 spp.). Among the taxa was a large, undescribed species of Tetranchyroderma characterized by the following key traits: total body length up to 605 μm; cuticular covering complete, made up of pentancres; a pair of cephalic tentacles; dorsal adhesive tubes arranged in dorsal and dorsolateral columns; a pair of ventral adhesive tubes arising from a common base, near the perigenital area only on the right side; peculiar cuticular openings ‘stomata’ along the ventrolateral margins of the body; protogynous hermaphroditism. Tetranchyroderma weissi sp. nov. is, at least in the investigated location, restricted to the sediment layers below 20 cm of the intertidal zone, and is able to live in thiobiotic sediment. A key to the described species of the world based on easily discernible traits, visible in both living and formalin-fixed specimens is provided.

scholarly journals THE POSTMORTEM RIGOR OF THE MAMMALIAN HEART AND THE INFLUENCE OF AN ANTEMORTEM STIMULATION OF THE PNEUMOGASTRIC NERVES UPON ITS DEVELOPMENT

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don R. Joseph ◽  
S. J. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Cardiac Tissues ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Probable Interpretation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions

In normal animals (dogs, cats and rabbits) which were killed by exsanguination, the beginning of rigor in practically all cases was separated from respiratory death by two well characterized periods: (1) a period of pulsation during which each ventricle still exhibited some spontaneous contractions, and (2) a period of relaxation during which the ventricles, while showing neither spontaneous contractions nor rigor, are more relaxed than in normal diastole, and during which the ventricles gradually lose their irritability. (The cardiac rigor or tonic contraction which was observed by recent investigators to set in immediately after death is an artificial phenomenon produced by filling the heart with saline and connecting it with a manometer.) In the right ventricle both periods are longer than in the left ventricle, i. e., rigor sets in later. Moreover the development of rigor from onset to maximum is also longer in the right ventricle than in the left, although here the difference is less striking. The stopping of spontaneous beating, the disappearance of irritability, and the development of rigor, manifest in both ventricles a topographical progress from the base toward the apex, i. e., the stoppage of beating, the disappearance of irritability and the setting in of rigor occur first at the uppermost part of the ventricle and last at the lowest point of the ventricle. It often occurred that rigor was already present in the basal part of a ventricle while the apex was still beating. It is probable also that the loss of vital activity and irritability and the development of rigor progress topographically from the endocardial to the epicardial surfaces. Prolonged etherization retards the onset, but hastens the development of rigor; atropinization hastens both onset and development. Repeated prolonged stoppages of the heart caused by antemortem (and postmortem) stimulations of the pneumogastric nerves hasten the onset as well as the development of rigor of the heart. All three periods are affected by the inhibitory influence of the stimulation, the period of relaxation, however, seems to be the one which is shortened most. The most probable interpretation of this phenomenon is the assumption that it is caused by an asphyxiation of the cardiac tissues. The stimulations of the pneumogastric nerves seem to hasten also the onset of the general rigor—probably this, too, is the result of some premature asphyxiation of the skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals VI.─The spread of the excitatory process in the vertebrate heart. Parts I-V

1916 ◽  
Vol 207 (335-347) ◽  
pp. 221-310 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Variable Interval ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Zero Line ◽  
Ventricular Activity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second Period ◽  
String Galvanometer

If non-polarisable electrodes are placed upon the body of the toad, the one contact lying on the muscle near the root of the neck in front and on the right side, while the other contact rests on the muscle in the centre of the abdominal wall, and these contacts are united to the string galvanometer in such a way that relative negativity of the cephalic contact yields in our photograph an upward excursion ; then the form of the curve which is written at each cycle of the heart may be exemplified by the upper curve of fig. 1 (next page). This curve is representative, and is a record of events which are almost uniform when the heart is beating normally and its rate is about 25 beats to the minute. It consists of an upward, rounded, and sometimes subdivided deflection, P ; this deflection is followed by a period of rest, during which the string lies on the zero line or near it. Ventricular activity is first signalled by the summit R , and this elevation invariably begins in a gradual fashion, its steepness increasing as it proceeds. The string, after a variable interval of from 0∙0400 to 0∙0900 second, falls back towards the base line. It may or may not attain that line, but it usually does, and, travelling somewhat beyond, produces a diminutive deflection S ; this ends the first part of the ventricular complex. Then follows a second period of rest, which is finally disturbed by a slow and upward movement of the string in the inscription of the deflection T . In many cases a notch, B , is found in the interval between S and T . (The little deflection B has usually a downward direction, and is the result of activity in the truncus arteriosus .)

Mechanisms of Resource Curse and Economic Policy

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Polterovich ◽  
V. Popov ◽  
A. Tonis
Keyword(s):  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rich Countries

This paper compares various mechanisms of resource curse leading to a potentially inefficient use of resources; it is demonstrated that each of these mechanisms is associated with market imperfections and can be "corrected" with appropriate government policies. Empirical evidence seems to suggest that resource abundant countries have on average lower budget deficits and inflation, and higher foreign exchange reserves. Besides, lower domestic fuel prices that are typical for resource rich countries have a positive effect on long-term growth even though they are associated with losses resulting from higher energy consumption. On top of that resource abundance allows to reduce income inequalities. So, on the one hand, resource wealth turns out to be conducive to growth, especially in countries with strong institutions. However, on the other hand, resource abundance leads to corruption of institutions and to overvalued real exchange rates. On balance, there is no solid evidence that resource abundant countries grow more slowly than the others, but there is evidence that they grow more slowly than could have grown with the right policies and institutions.

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