scholarly journals The histological features of striped muscle in relation to its functional activity

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (731) ◽  
pp. 371-411 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Striped Muscle ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Striation ◽  
Red Muscle

Analysis of the reflex behaviour of striped muscles involves data drawn from their histological structure, and the present observations deal with the differences in microscopical and macroscopical structure of muscles of different contractile properties. Stefano Lorenzini (55) mentioned the striking difference in colour between certain muscles of the limb in the rabbit as long ago as 1678. The classic investigations of Ranvier (63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68), however, revealed most of the present knowledge of red and pale muscle. He showed that this redness was associated with slowness of contraction, and with the genesis of tetanus at lower rates of stimulus. Moreover, these functional differences were shown to be associated with a difference in histological structure, a relatively larger amount of granular sarcoplasm and more distinct longitudinal striation in the case of red muscle. Later studies (1, 57, 43, 72, 49) revealed the occurrence of these granular and longitudinally striated fibres in muscles in many species, and also that these fibres were not always associated with redness of pigmentation (57). The histology of muscle in the higher mammalian forms has shown that both granular “sarcoplasmic” and clear “aplasmic” fibres occur side by side in the same muscle, and these two types of fibre have been homologised with the red pale muscles of the rabbit (29, 30, 43, 73, 42).

scholarly journals Spindle Activity Orchestrates Plasticity during Development and Sleep

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lindemann ◽  
Joachim Ahlbeck ◽  
Sebastian H. Bitzenhofer ◽  
Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Spindle Activity ◽  
Early Brain Development ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Spindle oscillations have been described during early brain development and in the adult brain. Besides similarities in temporal patterns and involved brain areas, neonatal spindle bursts (NSBs) and adult sleep spindles (ASSs) show differences in their occurrence, spatial distribution, and underlying mechanisms. While NSBs have been proposed to coordinate the refinement of the maturating neuronal network, ASSs are associated with the implementation of acquired information within existing networks. Along with these functional differences, separate synaptic plasticity mechanisms seem to be recruited. Here, we review the generation of spindle oscillations in the developing and adult brain and discuss possible implications of their differences for synaptic plasticity. The first part of the review is dedicated to the generation and function of ASSs with a particular focus on their role in healthy and impaired neuronal networks. The second part overviews the present knowledge of spindle activity during development and the ability of NSBs to organize immature circuits. Studies linking abnormal maturation of brain wiring with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders highlight the importance to better elucidate neonatal plasticity rules in future research.

Histological Features of Postnatal Development of the Eye in White Rabbits

2020 ◽  
pp. 019262332091546
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Yamagiwa ◽  
Masaaki Kurata ◽  
Hiroshi Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Retinal Layer ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Ocular Development ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
Ophthalmic Drug

Rabbits are frequently used in studies assessing the toxicity of ophthalmic drugs; however, the postnatal histological changes that occur in the rabbit eye have not been fully described. To characterize postnatal ocular development in white rabbits, a histological investigation of the eyes and eyelids was sequentially performed between postnatal days (PNDs) 1 and 42. The eyes opened during PNDs10 to 12. Significant changes prior to eyelid opening included the proliferation of uveal and optic nerve cells, regression of the lenticular vasculature, and thinning of the retina with a decreasing number of retinal cells. After eyelid opening, several significant changes occurred in the anterior segment, including thickening of the cornea and the development of lacrimation-related tissues in the eyelid and conjunctiva. Additionally, the differentiation of retinal layer-derived cells and optic nerve thickening occurred. The lens size continued to increase throughout the postnatal period. The histological structure of the eyes and eyelids was nearly mature by PNDs28 to 42. This study characterizes the postnatal changes in the histological features of the eyes in juvenile white rabbits, providing fundamental knowledge on the appropriate design of histological studies of the eyes in juvenile rabbits, particularly ophthalmic drug evaluations.

scholarly journals Histology of Watersnake (Enhydris enhydris) Lung

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 01051
Author(s):  
Zainuddin Zainuddin ◽  
Nurul Fadhilah ◽  
Dian Masyitha ◽  
Muhammad N. Salim ◽  
Erdiansyah Rahmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Rainbow watersnake is a snake that can be found in ponds, has a relatively medium body, a maximum length of 80 cm, generally between 50-60 cm, small-headed, a rather large belly, and short-tailed. The aim of this study is to determine the structure of the histology of the lungs of watersnake (Enhydris enhydris). This study used a sample of 3 watersnakes (Enhydris enhydris) with a body length of ± 50 cm. This study conducted a micro technical method with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Data obtained from the results of this study were analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of images. Macroscopic observations of the warp in snakes are long, most of the trachea attaches to the warp, and there are water sacs or swimming pouches at the tip of the warp, as well as the histological features of the snakes' warp, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and alveoli, the histological structure of the lungs in watersnakes (Enhydris enhydris) consist of type 1 alveoli epithelial cells, type 2 alveoli cells, muscle bundles, connective tissue, capillary vessels, and macrophage cells. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the histological structure of the watersnake (Enhydris enhydris) lung is different from the histological structure of the reptile function in general. In the lungs of watersnakes (Enhydris enhydris) only consists of alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, and the presence of water sacs at the ends of the lungs.

scholarly journals THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER AND ITS FUNCTIONAL STATE AT MEDICINAL DAMAGE AND TREATMENT BY THE NEW PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
M. A. Morozov ◽  
E. V. Blinova ◽  
G. A. Ovsepyan ◽  
S. S. Dydykin ◽  
D. S. Blinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
White Rats

The study presented results of exploration of liver functional activity and morphological structure on the experimental model of drug-induced hepatitis by twice administration of 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen to nonlinear both sexes white rats treated by preventive administration of novel pharmaceutic formulation with laboratory code LHT-8-16. The substance was administered to the animals intra-gastrically 1 hour prior to acetaminophen intake. We studied changes in biochemical blood indices, which characterize the functional activity of the liver, assessed the organ histological structure, and performed macro- and micro-morphometric analysis. It has been shown that the substance LHT-8-16 prevents the toxic effect of acetaminophen on the functional activity of the liver, which was displayed in the decrease of activity of drug-induced cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, normalizing the level of total bilirubin in rats’ serum. The appearance of the liver, its relative and absolute weight in animals with drug-induced hepatitis, who received LHT-8-16, was comparable with the intact rats. On histological specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin we observed a decrease in the area of necrosis of hepatic parenchyma, preservation of tissue structure. Hyperemia and extending sinusoids occurred on the periphery of the body and were less pronounced in comparison with the control group. The area of the cytoplasm, the nuclei and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio approximated the values of the intact group. The appearance of multi-nuclear hepatocytes referred to the activation of the synthetic activity of the liver and onset of regeneration mechanisms. Thus, it can be concluded that the studied formulation possesses hepatoprotective property.

scholarly journals Histological structure of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis in pigs with the same ryanodine receptor genotype (CC) in relation to carcass indicators

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Z. Eliáš ◽  
S. Hluchý ◽  
J. Mlynek
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
White Muscle Fibre

The aim of this study was to investigate the histological structure of the longissimus muscle in pigs in relation to carcass value indicators. A total number of 16 pigs of about 101.28 kg average live weight were used. The animals were raised at a Fattening and Carcass Value Experimental Station (FCVES) of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in equal conditions, receiving a standard diet fortified with vitamin-mineral mixture, and they were slaughtered in an experimental abattoir of FCVES. Samples from the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracisi (MLLT) for histological evaluation were taken within 30 minutes post mortem, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at a temperature of −20°C. In the experimental abattoir of FCVES feeding indicators, and indicators of meat quality and carcass value were examined. Samples were processed histochemically and single types of muscle fibres were differentiated according to reactions on SDH on the basis of Vacek’s (1974) method. Nikon microscopic system, Pixelink digital camera and LUCIA software for image analyses for the morphometric analysis of MLLT structure were used. The highest abundance of white and the lowest abundance of intermediate muscle fibres was obtained in the analyzed musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracisi of pigs. Red muscle fibre abundance was only slightly higher than intermediate muscle fibre abundance. Concerning the average muscle fibre diameter, the highest values in white and the lowest values in red muscle fibres were found. Positive correlations of white muscle fibre abundance with loin meat weight, thigh meat weight, carcass length, ribcase length, hot right half weight, valuable meatiness parts in kilograms, thigh weight, thigh percent in the half-carcass and MLLT area weight were obtained. In the case of all fat content and weight indicators negative correlations were obtained except loin fat weight. Red muscle fibre content showed positive correlations with shoulder fat weight, neck meat weight, neck fat weight, head weight, thigh fat weight, average backfat thickness and MLLT area. Correlation coefficients between white muscle fibre diameter and shoulder meat weight, thigh meat weight, carcass length, ribcase length showed weak positive correlations. An increase in the white muscle fibre diameter corresponds with an increase in loin meat weight, valuable meatiness parts in kg, valuable meatiness parts in percents, thigh weight, thigh percent in the half-carcass weight and MLLT area. Concerning the red muscle fibre diameter weak positive correlations were obtained in relation to neck meat weight, thigh meat weight, thigh weight and moderate positive correlations to shoulder meat weight, loin meat weight, valuable meatiness parts in kilograms and percents, thigh percent in half-carcass and MLLT area.

Thermal acclimation in fish: conservative and labile properties of swimming muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1105-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Pierre Blier
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Myosin Atpase ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Thermal Compensation ◽  
Myosin Atpase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Aerobic Enzymes

Given the rapid thermal equilibration of most fish with their environment, thermal compensation of metabolic and contractile properties is essential for the maintenance of locomotory capacities over a wide range of temperatures. The response of fish swimming performance, contractile properties of isolated fibers, myosin ATPase activity, and metabolic systems for ATP generation to short- and long-term changes in temperature have received sufficient study to allow one to identify certain constrained and labile properties. Sustained swimming performance and its components generally have their optimal performance and lowest thermal sensitivity within the range of temperatures frequently encountered by the organism. These principles are particularly well established for isolated enzyme systems. Furthermore, swimming performance and most of its components demonstrate thermal compensation on the evolutionary time scale. Temperature acclimation also leads to compensatory responses which, while quite species-specific, consistently increase the capacity for sustained swimming at low temperatures. The position of the thermal optimum for locomotion in relation to the width of a species' tolerance limits aids in predicting the species' capacity for thermal compensation during acclimation. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which tolerate temperatures 25–30 °C below their optimum for locomotion, show thermal compensation in terms of contractile properties, myosin ATPase activity, the proportion of red fibers in their axial musculature, and the levels of aerobic enzymes in their musculature. By contrast, striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and chain pickerel (Esox niger), which have lower optimal temperatures for locomotion, only increase the proportion of red fibers and (or) the levels of aerobic enzymes with cold acclimation. Finally, lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), which have their optimal temperature for locomotion at 12 °C, show none of these responses. Given that when thermal compensation occurs, aerobic enzymes in red muscle generally increase, the capacity of red muscle to generate ATP seems more temperature sensitive than other metabolic or contractile properties. Whether this compensatory response serves to counteract the effect of temperature on diffusive exchange between mitochondria and the cytoplasm or its effect on the catalytic capacity of aerobic metabolism remains to be established.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LUNG STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE AIRWAYS OF GUINEA PIGS AFTER LONG-TERM EXPOSURE WITH NANOSIZED MAGNETITE A

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Ye. Ye. Abramenko ◽  
A. V. Nosarev ◽  
L. V. Smaglyi ◽  
L. V. Kapilevich ◽  
Ye. Yu. D’yakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Lung Structure ◽  
Nanosized Magnetite

The results of study, in which we examined the influence of nanosized magnetite on breath organs histological structure and contractility activity of the airways of guinea pigs by method of mechanography has been presented. In the lungs of experimental animals an inflammatory response developed as a result of long-term inhalation intake of nanosized magnetite. Also the functional status of the airways changed and appeared as changing of amplitude of contractility response under the action of histamine.

scholarly journals Histological studies on some native perennials

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tar ◽  
I. Kohut ◽  
P. Gracza
Keyword(s):  
Histological Structure ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Structure Investigations ◽  
Nearly Continuous

Growing of native perennial species became more and more popular in the last ten years. In order to obtain more information on their histological structure, investigations were done on Aster linosyris, Inula ensifolia and Prunella grandiflora. The histological features are usually relating to the plants' ecological demands which is an important aspect in their growing. Differences were found in the structure of the stem of Asteraceae and Lamiaceae members. While separated vessels were formed in the stem of Aster linosyris and Inula ensifolia, continuous vessel-system forms in the stem of Prunella. Alternating segments of collenchyma and chlorenchyma are found in the stem of Aster linosyris, while palisade parenchyma is situated both on the abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaves. Vessel-system of the root is tetrarch. Histological structure of the stem of Inula ensifolia differs from Aster linosyris in the broader cortical parenchyma which is composed of approx. 8-12 cell layers. It contains neither collenchyma nor chlorenchyma. In the stem of Prunella grandiflora a nearly continuous vessel-ring is formed from the four primary vessels. Long, multi-celled hairs were observed in the district of angles of the stem.

scholarly journals Morphology of the tongue of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). II. Histological features

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Crole ◽  
J.T. Soley
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Caudal Extremity ◽  
Dromaius Novaehollandiae ◽  
Stratified Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Nodular Tissue

Although a number of brief, fragmented descriptions have been provided on the gross morphology of the ratite tongue, very few studies have documented the histological structure of this organ. This paper presents the first definitive histological description of the emu tongue and reviews, consolidates and compares the scattered information on the histology of the ratite tongue available in the literature. Five tongues were removed from heads obtained from birds at slaughter and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. Appropriate longitudinal and transverse segments were removed, routinely processed for light microscopy, and sections examined after staining with H & E and PAS. The entire tongue (body and root) is invested by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The supporting connective tissue of the tongue dorsum displays only large, simple branched tubular mucussecreting glands, whereas the caudal tongue body ventrum and tongue root, in addition to these glands, also exhibits small, simple tubular mucus-secreting glands. Herbst corpuscles are associated with the large, simple branched glands. Lymphoid tissue is restricted to the tongue ventrum and is particularly obvious at the junction of the ventral tongue body and frenulum where a large aggregation of diffuse lymphoid tissue, with nodular tissue proximally, was consistently observed. A structure resembling a taste bud was located in the epithelium on the caudal extremity of the tongue root of one bird. This is the first reported observation of taste buds in ratites. Forming the core of the tongue body is the cartilaginous paraglossum lying dorsal to the partially ossified rostral projection of the basihyale. The histological features of the emu tongue are generally similar to those described for the greater rhea and ostrich, except that taste buds were not identified in these species. The results would suggest that the emu tongue functions as a sensory organ, both for taste and touch (by virtue of taste receptors and Herbst corpuscles, respectively), as well as fulfilling an immunological function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document