scholarly journals Costs and benefits of group living with disease: a case study of pneumonia in bighorn lambs ( Ovis canadensis )

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20142331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia R. Manlove ◽  
E. Frances Cassirer ◽  
Paul C. Cross ◽  
Raina K. Plowright ◽  
Peter J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Lamb Survival

Group living facilitates pathogen transmission among social hosts, yet temporally stable host social organizations can actually limit transmission of some pathogens. When there are few between-subpopulation contacts for the duration of a disease event, transmission becomes localized to subpopulations. The number of per capita infectious contacts approaches the subpopulation size as pathogen infectiousness increases. Here, we illustrate that this is the case during epidemics of highly infectious pneumonia in bighorn lambs ( Ovis canadensis ). We classified individually marked bighorn ewes into disjoint seasonal subpopulations, and decomposed the variance in lamb survival to weaning into components associated with individual ewes, subpopulations, populations and years. During epidemics, lamb survival varied substantially more between ewe-subpopulations than across populations or years, suggesting localized pathogen transmission. This pattern of lamb survival was not observed during years when disease was absent. Additionally, group sizes in ewe-subpopulations were independent of population size, but the number of ewe-subpopulations increased with population size. Consequently, although one might reasonably assume that force of infection for this highly communicable disease scales with population size, in fact, host social behaviour modulates transmission such that disease is frequency-dependent within populations, and some groups remain protected during epidemic events.

scholarly journals Skew in ovarian activation depends on domicile size in a facultatively social thrips

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James DJ Gilbert ◽  
Alice Wells ◽  
Stephen J Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Ovarian Activation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Breeding Resources

Costs and benefits of group living are a fundamental topic in behavioural ecology. Resource availability affects individuals' breeding prospects alone and in groups, as well as how reproduction is distributed within groups ("reproductive skew"). Here, we provide correlational evidence in facultatively social thrips that breeding resources are associated with (1) whether solitary or social living is favoured, and (2) the degree of ovarian skew.Dunatothrips aneurae(Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) cooperatively build silk "domiciles" on Australian acacias, feeding exclusively from internal phyllode surfaces. Per capita productivity scaled differently with group size depending on domicile volume - females in small domiciles did better alone than in groups, whereas in large domiciles single and group-nesting females did equally well. Ovarian dissections revealed that in small domiciles some females were nonreproductive, indicating ovarian (i.e. reproductive) skew. Skew increased as domicile size decreased and group size increased. Breeders had smaller oocyte volume in smaller domiciles, especially those containing nonreproductives. These findings suggest group formation and reproductive skew inD. aneuraemay be influenced by reproductive competition for breeding resources. Nonreproductive females in small domiciles may be reproductively suppressed, subfertile, or waiting to reproduce. We speculate they may avoid eviction by contributing as "helpers" to domicile maintenance.

The impact of Airbnb on a non-touristic city. A Case study of short-term rentals in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain)

Erdkunde ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
Marcus Hübscher ◽  
Juana Schulze ◽  
Felix zur Lage ◽  
Johannes Ringel
Keyword(s):  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Web Scraping ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Impact

Short-term rentals such as Airbnb have become a persistent element of today’s urbanism around the globe. The impacts are manifold and differ depending on the context. In cities with a traditionally smaller accommodation market, the impacts might be particularly strong, as Airbnb contributes to ongoing touristification processes. Despite that, small and medium-sized cities have not been in the centre of research so far. This paper focuses on Santa Cruz de Tenerife as a medium-sized Spanish city. Although embedded in the touristic region of the Canary Islands, Santa Cruz is not a tourist city per se but still relies on touristification strategies. This paper aims to expand the knowledge of Airbnb’s spatial patterns in this type of city. The use of data collected from web scraping and geographic information systems (GIS) demonstrates that Airbnb has opened up new tourism markets outside of the centrally established tourist accommodations. It also shows that the price gap between Airbnb and the housing rental market is broadest in neighbourhoods that had not experienced tourism before Airbnb entered the market. In the centre the highest prices and the smallest units are identified, but two peripheral quarters stand out. Anaga Mountains, a natural and rural space, has the highest numbers of Airbnb listings per capita. Suroeste, a suburban quarter, shows the highest growth rates on the rental market, which implies a linkage between Airbnb and suburbanization processes.

The costs and benefits of multistage configuration: A framework and case study

2021 ◽  
pp. 107095
Author(s):  
Jeppe Bredahl Rasmussen ◽  
Anders Haug ◽  
Sara Shafiee ◽  
Lars Hvam ◽  
Niels Henrik Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costs And Benefits

scholarly journals Incorporating Ecosystem Services in the Assessment of Water Framework Directive Programmes of Measures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Souliotis ◽  
Nikolaos Voulvoulis
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ecological Objectives ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe EU Water Framework Directive requires the development of management responses aimed towards improving water quality as a result of improving ecosystem health (system state). Ecosystems have potential to supply a range of services that are of fundamental importance to human well-being, health, livelihoods and survival, and their capacity to supply these services depends on the ecosystem condition (its structure and processes). According to the WFD, Programmes of Measures should be developed to improve overall water status by reducing anthropogenic catchment pressures to levels compatible with the achievement of the ecological objectives of the directive, and when designed and implemented properly should improve the ecological condition of aquatic ecosystems that the delivery of ecosystem services depends on. Monitoring and evaluation of implemented measures are crucial for assessing their effectiveness and creating the agenda for consecutive planning cycles. Considering the challenges of achieving water status improvements, and the difficulties of communicating these to the wider public, we develop a framework for the evaluation of measures cost-effectiveness that considers ecosystem services as the benefits from the reduction of pressures on water bodies. We demonstrate its application through a case study and discuss its potential to facilitate the economic analysis required by the directive, and that most European water authorities had problems with. Findings demonstrate the potential of the methodology to effectively incorporate ecosystem services in the assessment of costs and benefits of proposed actions, as well as its potential to engage stakeholders.

scholarly journals Packaging Innovations to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Are Italian Manufacturers Willing to Invest?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1963
Author(s):  
Antonella Cammarelle ◽  
Mariarosaria Lombardi ◽  
Rosaria Viscecchia
Keyword(s):  
Technological Opportunity ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Food Loss ◽  
Latent Demand ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Food

The target 12.3 of the 2030 Agenda by the United Nations (UN) calls for halving per capita global food loss and waste. In this regard, the Food & Drink industry (F&D) could play a crucial role in reducing food waste and improving food safety by adopting healthy and eco-innovation packaging. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the F&D manufacturers’ willingness to invest in packaging innovations, such as active, intelligent, and compostable ones to achieve the UN target. In order to reach the stated objective, a multiple case study methodology was developed and administered to a sample of Italian micro and small-medium entrepreneurs located in the Apulia region. Results show that many firms were aware of their need for packaging innovation and of the available technological opportunity. However, only the F&D manufacturers who showed a Real demand, according to a taxonomy approach which also considers the Potential and Latent demand for the innovation, were effectively prompt to invest. Finally, most of the interviewed manufacturers were willing to invest in at least one packaging innovation, choosing mainly between the active packaging and the compostable one.

scholarly journals Managing a Craft Brewery: Competitive, Legal, and Environmental Forces

2020 ◽  
pp. 251512742096996
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Competitive Industry ◽  
Small Craft ◽  
Per Capita

The number of craft breweries and the volume of beer they produce continue to increase in the United States. Small entrepreneurial craft brewery businesses produce limited quantities of specialty beer, also known as craft beer. As of 2018 the state of Montana had the second most craft breweries per capita in the United States. In addition to competitive industry forces, legal and environmental forces are two of the most salient concerns for craft brewery businesses in Montana and throughout the United States. A case study about Montana Hop Brew, a Montana-based craft brewery, is presented. The case highlights the entrepreneurial nature of small craft breweries and describes competitive industry, legal, and environmental forces that Montana Hop Brew faces. Teaching notes complete with learning objectives, required and supplemental readings, a student exercise, and discussion questions are available to assist with delivering the case.

Leading for Instructional Improvement in the Context of Accountability: Central Office Leadership

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Goodman Rigby ◽  
Rebecca Corriell ◽  
Katie J. Kuhl
Keyword(s):  
Policy Design ◽  
Instructional Improvement ◽  
Central Office ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Design Systems ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Implementation Of Standards ◽  
Central Office Leadership

This case was written to help prepare central office leaders who are expected to design systems and lead toward instructional improvement in the context of both educational accountability and implementation of standards with increased rigor. The intent of this case study is to encourage educators to examine the complex and multiple challenges of policy design and implementation when policy goals are far from current practice. Educators studying this case should examine the costs and benefits of bridging and buffering across organizational levels and how to best craft coherence between goals, needs, and resources at the central office and school levels.

scholarly journals Economic efficiency of national governments: case study of Poland and Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Kuczabski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Product ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Governments

The article proposes a new unique approach to assessing the economic efficiency of national governments. The assessment is based on the indicator of gross free product per capita, which is a difference between GDP and government size per capita. This method was used to analyze the situation in two post-communist states – Poland and Ukraine. The author studied their economic development in 2009–2019, and the received data was used to draw conclusions about economic policies in the two countries in the period in question. A forecast has been made about the possible impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic processes from the perspective of changes in the gross free product per capita.

scholarly journals Costs and benefits of using rhythmic rate codes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Peterson ◽  
Bradley Voytek
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Synaptic Connection ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Rate Code ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Connection Type

AbstractNeural oscillations are one of the most well-known macroscopic phenomena observed in the nervous system, and the benefits of oscillatory coding have been the topic of frequent analysis. Many of these studies focused on communication between populations which were already oscillating, and sought to understand how synchrony and communication interact. In this paper, take an alternative approach. We focus on measuring the costs, and benefits, of moving to an from an aperiodic code to a rhythmic one. We utilize a Linear-Nonlinear Poisson model, and assume a rate code. We report that no one factor seems to predict the costs, or benefits, of translating into a rhythmic code. Instead the synaptic connection type, strength, population size, and stimulus and oscillation firing rates interact in nonlinear ways. We suggest a number of experiments that might be used to confirm these predictions.Author summaryIt’s good to oscillate, sometimes.

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