scholarly journals High monetary reward rates and caloric rewards decrease temporal persistence

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1849) ◽  
pp. 20162759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen J. Fung ◽  
Stefan Bode ◽  
Carsten Murawski
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Temporal Persistence

Temporal persistence refers to an individual's capacity to wait for future rewards, while forgoing possible alternatives. This requires a trade-off between the potential value of delayed rewards and opportunity costs, and is relevant to many real-world decisions, such as dieting. Theoretical models have previously suggested that high monetary reward rates, or positive energy balance, may result in decreased temporal persistence. In our study, 50 fasted participants engaged in a temporal persistence task, incentivised with monetary rewards. In alternating blocks of this task, rewards were delivered at delays drawn randomly from distributions with either a lower or higher maximum reward rate. During some blocks participants received either a caloric drink or water. We used survival analysis to estimate participants' probability of quitting conditional on the delay distribution and the consumed liquid. Participants had a higher probability of quitting in blocks with the higher reward rate. Furthermore, participants who consumed the caloric drink had a higher probability of quitting than those who consumed water. Our results support the predictions from the theoretical models, and importantly, suggest that both higher monetary reward rates and physiologically relevant rewards can decrease temporal persistence, which is a crucial determinant for survival in many species.

How adolescents and adults translate motivational value to action: Age-related shifts in strategic physical effort exertion for monetary rewards

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M Rodman ◽  
Katherine Powers ◽  
Catherine Insel ◽  
Erik K Kastman ◽  
Katherine Kabotyanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according to the magnitude of reward they expect to obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who are undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and reward processing, translate incentive motivation into action in a way that is similarly tuned to reward value and economical in effort utilization. The present study adapted a classic physical effort paradigm to quantify age-related changes in motivation-based and strategic markers of effort exertion for monetary rewards from adolescence to early adulthood. One hundred and three participants aged 12-23 years completed a task that involved exerting low or high amounts of physical effort, in the form of a hand grip, to earn low or high amounts of money. Adolescents and young adults exhibited highly similar incentive-modulated effort for reward according to measures of peak grip force and speed, suggesting that motivation for monetary reward is consistent across age. However, young adults expended energy more economically and strategically: whereas adolescents were prone to exert excess physical effort beyond what was required to earn reward, young adults were more likely to strategically prepare before each grip phase and conserve energy by opting out of low reward trials. This work extends theoretical models of development of incentive-driven behavior by demonstrating that layered on similarity in motivational value for monetary reward, there are important differences in the way behavior is flexibly adjusted in the presence of reward from adolescence to young adulthood.

scholarly journals The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Clayton ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

Weight Dysregulation, Positive Energy Balance, and Binge Eating in Eating Disorders

Binge Eating ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Lowe ◽  
Leora L. Haller ◽  
Simar Singh ◽  
Joanna Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Effect of protein intake and physical activity on 24-h pattern and rate of macronutrient utilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. E964-E976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders H. Forslund ◽  
Antoine E. El-Khoury ◽  
Roger M. Olsson ◽  
Anders M. Sjödin ◽  
Leif Hambraeus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Effects of moderate physical activity (90 min at 45–50% of maximal O2 uptake 2 times daily) and “high” (2.5 g protein ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, n = 6) or “normal” protein intake (1.0 g protein ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, n = 8) on the pattern and rate of 24-h macronutrient utilization in healthy adult men were compared after a diet-exercise-adjustment period of 6 days. Energy turnover (ET) was determined by indirect and direct (suit) calorimetry, and “protein oxidation” was determined by a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion of [1-13C]leucine. Subjects were in slight positive energy balance during both studies. Protein contributed to a higher (22 vs. 10%) and carbohydrate (CHO) a lower (33 vs. 58%) proportion of total 24-h ET on the high- vs. normal-protein intake. The highest contribution of fat to ET was seen postexercise during fasting (73 and 61% of ET for high and normal, respectively). With the high-protein diet the subjects were in a positive protein ( P < 0.001) and CHO balance ( P < 0.05) and a negative fat balance ( P < 0.05). The increased ET postexercise was not explained by increased rates of urea production and/or protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Solving Richards Equation for snow improves snowpack meltwater runoff estimations

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 2373-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wever ◽  
C. Fierz ◽  
C. Mitterer ◽  
H. Hirashima ◽  
M. Lehning
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Daily Time

Abstract. The runoff from the snow cover during spring snow melt or rain-on-snow events is an important factor in the hydrological cycle. In this study, water transport schemes for a 1-dimensional physical based snowpack model are compared to 14 yr of lysimeter measurements at a high alpine site. The schemes include a simple bucket-type approach, an approximation of Richards Equation (RE), and the full RE. The results show that daily sums of runoff are strongly related to a positive energy balance of the snow cover and therefore, all water transport schemes show very similar performance in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients (around 0.59) and r2 values (around 0.77). Timing of the arrival of meltwater in spring at the bottom of the snowpack showed differences between the schemes, where especially in the bucket-type and approximated RE approach, meltwater release is slower than in the measurements. Overall, solving RE for the snow cover yields the best agreement between modelled and measured runoff. On sub-daily time scales, the water transport schemes behave very differently. Also here, solving RE provides the highest agreement between modelled and measured runoff in terms of NSE coefficient (0.48), where other water transport schemes loose any predictive power. This appears to be mainly due to bad timing of meltwater release during the day. Accordingly, solving RE for the snow cover improves several aspects of modelling snow cover runoff. The additional computational cost was found to be in the order of a factor of 1.5.

scholarly journals Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cimino ◽  
Debra Rimmington ◽  
Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽  
Katherine Lawler ◽  
Pierre Larraufie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Chromatin Regulator ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

Abstract 268: Vascular Dysfunction in High BMI Black College Football Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M Powers ◽  
Murat Fudim ◽  
Heidi J Silver ◽  
Robert W Fitch ◽  
Kevin D Niswender
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Arterial Elasticity ◽  
Black Athletes ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Bmi

Background: Former football players (FP) who competed with BMI > 30 have high rates of atherosclerosis and early mortality (28% by age 50). FP are disproportionately black, a group predisposed to hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: Positive energy balance and oxidative stress lead to vascular dysfunction in black FP. Methods: High BMI college FP (n=33) underwent metabolic and vascular testing at the Vanderbilt Medical Center during the offseason training program. Endothelial function was tested using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Arterial elasticity and vascular resistance were tested using a calibrated tonometer. Regression was performed using least squares on Stat, version 12. Results: Elevated blood pressure (EBP) (SBP > 130) was common in both black (n = 14) and white (n = 19) athletes (78% vs 63%, p = .34). Black players had significantly higher systemic vascular resistance and lower arterial elasticity. However, they had significantly better lipid profiles and body composition, and comparable insulin resistance assessed by HOMA. In black FP, EBP was associated with positive energy balance (4.3 kg gained during six weeks from enrollment to clinic visit vs. 0.7 kg, p = .05). Daily caloric intake predicted endothelial function as measured by flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) (r=.76, p=.001). Caloric intake and oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes) trended to inversely correlate with larger artery elasticity (r=.40, p=.09 and r=.41, p=.09, respectively). HOMA did not predict FMD (r < .01, p = .56). Respiratory quotient (RQ) correlated with f2-isoprostanes (r=.53, p=.02), suggesting a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Conclusion: High BMI black FP suffer from vascular dysfunction, possibly due to oxidative stress from overfeeding. This correlates with studies of non-athlete adult population, but differs notably in being independent of insulin resistance. A larger, longitudinal study is needed to establish a link between overfeeding, vascular dysfunction and early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in high BMI black athletes. The role of oxidative stress and selective use of nitric oxide donor drugs in black athletes should be explored.

Abstract 035: Chronic Mild Sleep Restriction Leads To Increased Sedentary Time And Reductions In Physical Activity

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris M Zuraikat ◽  
Samantha Scaccia ◽  
Keith M Diaz ◽  
Justin Cochran ◽  
Arindam RoyChoudhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Background: Sleeping less than 7 h per night is a risk factor for positive energy balance and weight gain. While the effect of short sleep on energy intake has been extensively studied, its influence on physical activity (PA), a key determinant of energy expenditure, is not well characterized. To date, no study has evaluated sedentary and PA patterns in response to chronic mild short sleep, which is experienced by up to one-third of US adults. Hypothesis: Sedentary behavior will be higher and PA (light intensity [LIPA] and moderate-vigorous intensity [MVPA]) will be lower during 6 wk of mild sleep restriction (SR) relative to maintenance of adequate sleep (AS). Methods: Data are presented from 76 participants (age: 34.2±12.4 y; BMI: 25.6±3.4 kg/m 2 ; n=55 women) from two randomized crossover trials with identical sleep interventions. Men and women with adequate habitual sleep duration ≥7 h/ night underwent two 6-wk sleep conditions, AS and SR, separated by a 6-wk washout period. During AS, participants were instructed to maintain average nightly bed and wake times determined from 2 wk screening with wrist-actigraphy and sleep logs. In SR, total sleep time was curtailed by 1.5 h per night by delaying bedtimes. Nightly sleep diaries and 24-h wrist actigraphy confirmed adherence to the protocol, which was verified weekly. Daily wrist actigraphy data were used to determine time spent in sedentary behavior and PA. Linear mixed models were used to test whether sleep condition (SR vs AS) influenced sedentary behavior or PA, adjusting for time in bed. Results: Across the full sample, sedentary time was significantly greater in SR than in AS (39.8±13.6 min/d, P<0.01). Similar results were observed in analyses stratified by sex; compared to AS, in SR, sedentary time was 53.0±16.5 min/d higher in women (P=0.001) with a trend towards significance in men (20.3±11.3, P=0.07). Although a slight increase in LIPA over 6 wk was observed in SR relative to AS in the full sample (2.9±0.8 min/d, P<0.001) and in men (3.7±1.2 min/d, P<0.01), overall, time spent in LIPA across weeks was significantly lower in SR relative to AS. This main effect of SR on LIPA was observed in the full sample (SR vs AS: -44.6±3.3 min/d, P<0.0001) and separately in women (SR vs AS: -38.2±10.5 min/d, P<0.001) and men (SR vs AS: -9.4±4.6 min/d, P=0.04). In men only, the slope of change in MVPA over 6 wk differed slightly in SR vs AS (2.6±1.1, P=0.02). However, across weeks, time in MVPA was significantly lower in SR compared to HS (-12.4±4.2 min/d, P=0.003). Conclusions: We provide some of the first evidence of an adverse impact of chronic short sleep on PA patterns in men and women. Greater sedentary time and lower PA levels can promote positive energy balance and may underlie associations of short sleep with risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Results further highlight the importance of achieving adequate sleep to promote cardiovascular health.

Bioethanol Production From Leaves of Quercus Infectoria in Kurdistan Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bawar Tahir ◽  
Xiaoqing Wang ◽  
Yuan Zhong ◽  
Hassan Mezori ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Ethanol Production Rate ◽  
Hydrolysis Conditions ◽  
Quercus Infectoria

Abstract Quercus infectoria is one of the most abundant native oak species in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study focused on utilizing leaves of Quercus infectoria for ethanol production in the region. A typical three-step conversion process of acid pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and yeast fermentation was investigated to produce ethanol from the leaves. Under the selected acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the glucose and xylose concentrations in the hydrolysates reached 11.4 g/L and 16.8 g/L, respectively, with the corresponding sugar conversions of 42.8% and 99.8%. A yeast strain, Kluyveromyces marxianus, was used to ferment mono-sugars in the hydrolysates for ethanol production. The ethanol production rate and conversion of K. marxianus in the fermentation were 0.17 g/L/h and 27%. The techno-economic analysis further concluded that a regional ethanol biorefinery can be established in the Zawita sub-district, Iraq to utilize Q. infectoria leaves to produce 200,000,000 kg ethanol/year with a positive energy balance of 745,052,623 MJ/year. The net annual revenue of the biorefinery is $123,692,804. The payback period of the biorefinery is 10 years.

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