scholarly journals Does observability affect prosociality?

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1875) ◽  
pp. 20180116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Bradley ◽  
Claire Lawrence ◽  
Eamonn Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Theoretical Parameter ◽  
Moderator Analysis

The observation of behaviour is a key theoretical parameter underlying a number of models of prosociality. However, the empirical findings showing the effect of observability on prosociality are mixed. In this meta-analysis, we explore the boundary conditions that may account for this variability, by exploring key theoretical and methodological moderators of this link. We identified 117 papers yielding 134 study level effects (total n = 788 164) and found a small but statistically significant, positive association between observability and prosociality ( r = 0.141, 95% confidence interval = 0.106, 0.175). Moderator analysis showed that observability produced stronger effects on prosociality: (i) in the presence of passive observers (i.e. people whose role was to only observe participants) versus perceptions of being watched, (ii) when participants’ decisions were consequential (versus non-consequential), (iii) when the studies were performed in the laboratory (as opposed to in the field/online), (iv) when the studies used repeated measures (instead of single games), and (v) when the studies involved social dilemmas (instead of bargaining games). These effects show the conditions under which observability effects on prosociality will be maximally observed. We describe the theoretical and practical significance of these results.

Baseline surgical status and short-term mortality after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for post-cardiotomy shock: a meta-analysis

Perfusion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kowalewski ◽  
Giuseppe Raffa ◽  
Kamil Zieliński ◽  
Paolo Meani ◽  
Musab Alanazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Cardiogenic Shock ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Baseline Status

Objective: While reported mortality rates on post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation vary from center to center, impact of baseline surgical status (elective/urgent/emergency/salvage) on mortality is still unknown. Methods: A systematic search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement using PubMed/Medline databases until March 2018 using the keywords “postcardiotomy,” “cardiogenic shock,” “extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,” and “extracorporeal life support.” Relevant articles were scrutinized and included in the meta-analysis only if reporting in-hospital/30-day mortality and baseline surgical status. The correlations between mortality and percentage of elective/urgent/emergency cases were investigated. Inference analysis of baseline status and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications was conducted as well. Results: Twenty-two studies (conducted between 1993 and 2017) enrolling N = 2,235 post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients were found. Patients were mostly of non-emergency status (65.2%). Overall in-hospital/30-day mortality event rate (95% confidence intervals) was 66.7% (63.3-69.9%). There were no differences in in-hospital/30-day mortality with respect to baseline surgical status in the subgroup analysis (test for subgroup differences; p = 0.406). Similarly, no differences between mortality in studies enrolling <50 versus ⩾50% of emergency/salvage cases was found: respective event rates were 66.9% (63.1-70.4%) versus 64.4% (57.3-70.8%); p = 0.525. Yet, there was a significant positive association between increasing percentage of emergency/salvage cases and rates of neurological complications (p < 0.001), limb complications (p < 0.001), and bleeding (p = 0.051). Incidence of brain death (p = 0.099) and sepsis (p = 0.134) was increased as well. Conclusion: Other factors than baseline surgical status may, to a higher degree, influence the mortality in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock. Baseline status, however, strongly influences the complication occurrence while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between periodontitis and oral high-risk human papillomavirus infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ali ◽  
Zohra S Lassi ◽  
Kostas Kapellas ◽  
Lisa Jamieson ◽  
Alice R Rumbold
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Oral Hpv ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) is increasing globally. Common oral conditions such as periodontitis may contribute. We undertook a meta-analysis to quantify the association between periodontitis, oral HPV and OPSCCs. Methods Multiple electronic databases were searched until 12 February 2020. Studies conducted in males and/or females aged ≥ 18 years that examined periodontitis, periodontal procedures, oral HPV infection, and where possible, oral cancers, were eligible. Meta-analyses were conducted and the GRADE approach was used to examine the quality of evidence. Results Of 2709 studies identified, 13 met the eligibility criteria. Five studies could be included in the meta-analyses. There was no significant increase in the odds of high-risk oral HPV infection among individuals with confirmed periodontitis (odds ratio 4.71, 95% confidence interval 0.57–38.97). Individuals with periodontitis had a 3.65 times higher odds of having any type of oral HPV infection compared with those without periodontitis (95% confidence interval 1.67–8.01). The overall body of evidence was rated as low to very-low certainty. Conclusion Meta-analysis confirms there is a positive association between periodontitis and oral HPV infection, although the overall quality of this evidence is low. Evidence for an association between periodontitis and high-risk oral HPV infection is inconclusive.

scholarly journals Serum Sialic Acid in a Random Sample of the General Population

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1842-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritta Pönniö ◽  
Hannu Alho ◽  
Seppo T Nikkari ◽  
Ulf Olsson ◽  
Ulf Rydberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Disease Marker ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Serum Sialic Acid ◽  
Strong Positive Association

Abstract Background: The serum sialic acid (SA) concentration has been reported to be a potentially useful but nonspecific disease marker. We wanted to study which factors influence SA concentration in a well-characterized healthy population. Methods: SA was determined in 97 women and 96 men with a colorimetric Warren method. Results: The mean ± SD concentrations of SA were 634 ± 109 (95% confidence interval, 612–656) and 630 ± 106 (95% confidence interval, 608–651) mg/L for women and men, respectively. The serum SA showed a significant positive association with body mass index and with systolic and diastolic blood pressure among both women and men. SA also correlated significantly with the use of contraceptive pills and age among women and with smoking among men. Conclusions: Our study suggests that SA does not increase with age in men but appears to increase with female menopause. The strong positive association with blood pressure may explain why SA predicts cardiovascular mortality.

An updated meta-analysis of the association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk of epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Sadeghi ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Riahi ◽  
Mona Mohammadi ◽  
Vafa Saber ◽  
Somayeh Aghamolaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic pathogen with worldwide distribution. To evaluate the association between Toxoplasma infection and the risk of epilepsy by meta-analysis, observational peer-reviewed studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar (up to 10 October 2018) and by reference review. Pooled risk estimates were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane’s Q-test and I2. In total, 16 eligible studies involving 19 data sets were included for the final analysis. A total 7897 participants (3771 epileptic patients, 4026 healthy controls) were included. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for Toxoplasma infection was increased to 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37 to 2.16) among patients with epilepsy. There was moderate heterogeneity among the studies (χ2=39.8, I2=62.3%, p=0.001). The ORs from subgroup analyses showed that both cryptogenic epilepsy (OR 2.65 [95% CI 1.91 to 3.68]) and active convulsive epilepsy (OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.09 to 1.72]) were significantly associated with Toxoplasma infection. Another subgroup analyses according to age showed a significant positive association in children (OR 1.33), adults (OR 1.57) and in all ages (OR 1.89). Our findings support the association between Toxoplasma infection and epilepsy. More prospective studies with larger sample sizes and more experimental studies are recommended to elucidate a causative relationship.

Assessing Attitudes of Nursing Pedagogy: An Instrument Based on the Midrange Theory of Empowered Holistic Nursing Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. E89-E97
Author(s):  
Katie Love
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Instrument Development ◽  
Interval Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Holistic Nursing ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nursing Pedagogy ◽  
Teaching Learning

Background and Purpose:The Empowered Holistic Nursing Education (EHNE) midrange theory provides a structure for a pedagogy for nursing, bringing the core values of nursing into the classroom. There are five principles of EHNE: Self-Care, Interconnectedness, Prior Knowledge, Contextual Teaching-Learning, and Meet Them Where They Are.Methods:The Thurstone method was used in the development of this scale, resulting in two subscales representing unique phenomena, each with 11 relational items that represent the spectrum of attitudes for the phenomenon.Results:With a CVI score of 0.92 (n= 23) for subscale 1 and 0.89 (n= 23) for subscale 2, the scale was found to have high inter-rater reliability with an agreement of K = 0.814 (99% confidence interval). Analysis revealed a significant, positive association between the two subscales (r= .96 and sig/2 tailed = .003).Conclusions:This instrument development study as a whole allows for further testing of the midrange theory and advancement to implementation and intervention research.

scholarly journals Do Grittier People Have Greater Subjective Well-Being? A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110534
Author(s):  
Xiang-Ling Hou ◽  
Nicolas Becker ◽  
Tian-Qiang Hu ◽  
Marco Koch ◽  
Ju-Zhe Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Satisfaction ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
Substantial Correlation

The present study conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relation between grit and subjective well-being (SWB). The association between grit (i.e., overall grit, perseverance of effort, and consistency of interest) and SWB (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, happiness, depression, life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and school satisfaction) were synthesized across 83 studies and 66,518 participants. The results based on a random-effects model showed a substantial correlation between overall grit and SWB (ρ = .46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [.43, .48]), followed by perseverance of effort (ρ = .38, 95% CI = [.33, .43]) and consistency of interest (ρ = .23, 95% CI = [.17, .28]). The moderator analysis indicated that the correlations between overall grit/consistency of effort and SWB become weaker as age increased, and these links were stronger in affective well-being than in cognitive well-being. Moreover, grit explained unique variance in SWB even after controlling for conscientiousness. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation Changes in the IGF1R Gene in Birth Weight Discordant Adult Monozygotic Twins

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Chien Tsai ◽  
Jenny Van Dongen ◽  
Qihua Tan ◽  
Gonneke Willemsen ◽  
Lene Christiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
A Genome

Low birth weight (LBW) can have an impact on health outcomes in later life, especially in relation to pre-disposition to metabolic disease. Several studies suggest that LBW resulting from restricted intrauterine growth leaves a footprint on DNA methylation in utero, and this influence likely persists into adulthood. To investigate this further, we performed epigenome-wide association analyses of blood DNA methylation using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip profiles in 71 adult monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs who were extremely discordant for birth weight. A signal mapping to the IGF1R gene (cg12562232, p = 2.62 × 10−8), was significantly associated with birth weight discordance at a genome-wide false-discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05. We pursued replication in three additional independent datasets of birth weight discordant MZ pairs and observed the same direction of association, but the results were not significant. However, a meta-analysis across the four independent samples, in total 216 birth-weight discordant MZ twin pairs, showed a significant positive association between birth weight and DNA methylation differences at IGF1R (random-effects meta-analysis p = .04), and the effect was particularly pronounced in older twins (random-effects meta-analysis p = .008, 98 older birth-weight discordant MZ twin pairs). The results suggest that severe intra-uterine growth differences (birth weight discordance >20%) are associated with methylation changes in the IGF1R gene in adulthood, independent of genetic effects.

scholarly journals Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8079
Author(s):  
Yoon-Jung Choi ◽  
Joel M. Moskowitz ◽  
Seung-Kwon Myung ◽  
Yi-Ryoung Lee ◽  
Yun-Chul Hong
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Case Control ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Tumor Risk ◽  
Increased Risk

We investigated whether cellular phone use was associated with increased risk of tumors using a meta-analysis of case-control studies. PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to July 2018. The primary outcome was the risk of tumors by cellular phone use, which was measured by pooling each odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). In a meta-analysis of 46 case-control studies, compared with never or rarely having used a cellular phone, regular use was not associated with tumor risk in the random-effects meta-analysis. However, in the subgroup meta-analysis by research group, there was a statistically significant positive association (harmful effect) in the Hardell et al. studies (OR, 1.15—95% CI, 1.00 to 1.33— n = 10), a statistically significant negative association (beneficial effect) in the INTERPHONE-related studies (case-control studies from 13 countries coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); (OR, 0.81—95% CI, 0.75 to 0.89—n = 9), and no statistically significant association in other research groups’ studies. Further, cellular phone use with cumulative call time more than 1000 h statistically significantly increased the risk of tumors. This comprehensive meta-analysis of case-control studies found evidence that linked cellular phone use to increased tumor risk.

scholarly journals Interleukin-4 gene polymorphism (C33T) and the risk of the asthma: a meta-analysis based on 24 publications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyal Imani ◽  
Mohammad Masoud Eslami ◽  
Gholamreza Anani-Sarab ◽  
Mansur Aliyu ◽  
Bahman Razi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Asthma Risk ◽  
Allelic Model

Abstract Background Previous studies evaluated the association of IL-4 C33T polymorphism and risk of bronchial asthma but failed to establish a consistent conclusive association. In the present meta-analysis, we intend to define a more reliable estimate of the association in the presence of filling published literature. Methods An exhaustive search in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases was performed to identify all relevant publications before September 2020, and 24 publications (28 studies) with 6587 cases and 8408 controls were included in final analysis. The association between polymorphism and risk of asthma were measured by Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Moreover, Cochran’s Q and the I2 statistics were used to evaluate the degree of heterogeneity between studies. Results In the overall study populations, a significant positive association was detected under all genotype models and announced the IL-4 C33T polymorphism as a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of asthma. In the subgroup analysis by age, a significant association between IL-4 C33T polymorphism and risk of asthma in different age groups was identified in allelic model, which highlighted the predisposing role of the T allele for the asthma risk in all three age groups. Furthermore, the results of subgroup analysis by continent were heterogenous. Accordingly, IL-4 C33T polymorphism was a risk factor in Europeans (all models except heterozygote comparison), Americans (all models except recessive and homozygote comparison) and Asians (just recessive and allelic model). Finally, the ethnicity-specific analysis disclosed a significant association between IL-4 C33T polymorphism and asthma risk in Caucasians (all genotype models except heterozygote comparison), while this association was not significant in African-Americans. Conclusions This study suggests that IL-4 C33T polymorphism potentially acts as a risk factor for asthma in different ethnicities and age groups.

scholarly journals Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchika Gupta ◽  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Shashi Sharma ◽  
Dhirendra N Sinha ◽  
Ravi Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
European Region ◽  
Significant Positive Association

Abstract Background Use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products has been linked to multiple adverse effects, especially precancer and cancer of oral cavity. However, the association of SLT use with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is shrouded with controversy due to conflicting results in the literature. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of CHD among adult ever-users of SLT products along with sub-group analysis. Methods The analysis included studies retrieved from a systematic literature search for published articles assessing risk of CHD with SLT use. Two authors independently extracted risk estimates and study characteristics of the included studies. Summary relative risks were estimated using the random-effect model. Results Twenty studies from four WHO regions were included in the analysis. The summary risk of CHD in SLT users was not significantly positive (1.05, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.15) although a higher risk of fatal CHD was seen (1.10, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.20). The risk was significant for users in European Region (1.30, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.47). The results remained unchanged even after strict adjustment for smoking. Product-wise analysis revealed a significant positive association of fatal CHD with snus/snuff use (1.37, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.61). The SLT-attributable fraction of fatal CHD was calculated to be 0.3%, highest being for European region (5%). Conclusion A significant positive association was detected between SLT use and risk of fatal CHD, especially for European users and those consuming snus/snuff. In view of the positive association even after strict adjustment for smoking, these results underscore the need for inclusion of cessation efforts for smokeless tobacco in addition to smoking for control of fatal cardiovascular diseases. Implications The present meta-analysis demonstrates a global perspective of association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and use of smokeless tobacco (SLT), especially for fatal cardiac events, even with strict adjustment for smoking. There appears to be some difference in this effect based on the type of SLT product used. These results highlight the independent deleterious effect of SLT products on the outcome of CHD and might help to resolve the long-standing controversy regarding the association of SLT with the risk of CHD. Hence, we propose that in addition to smoking, cessation efforts should be directed towards SLT products as well, for control of cardiovascular diseases.

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