scholarly journals Why war is a man's game

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1884) ◽  
pp. 20180975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto J. C. Micheletti ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
Andy Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Behavioural Disorders ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Qualitative Observation ◽  
Male Activity ◽  
Sex Biases

Interest in the evolutionary origins and drivers of warfare in ancient and contemporary small-scale human societies has greatly increased in the last decade, and has been particularly spurred by exciting archaeological discoveries that suggest our ancestors led more violent lives than previously documented. However, the striking observation that warfare is an almost-exclusively male activity remains unexplained. Three general hypotheses have been proposed, concerning greater male effectiveness in warfare, lower male costs, and patrilocality. But while each of these factors might explain why warfare is more common in men, they do not convincingly explain why women almost never participate. Here, we develop a mathematical model to formally assess these hypotheses. Surprisingly, we find that exclusively male warfare may evolve even in the absence of any such sex differences, though sex biases in these parameters can make this evolutionary outcome more likely. The qualitative observation that participation in warfare is almost exclusive to one sex is ultimately explained by the fundamentally sex-specific nature of Darwinian competition—in fitness terms, men compete with men and women with women. These results reveal a potentially key role for ancestral conditions in shaping our species' patterns of sexual division of labour and violence-related adaptations and behavioural disorders.

A Mathematical Model on Social Integration Explaining Global Suicide Rate Among Men and Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Mark Borres ◽  
◽  
Jergen Orias ◽  
Alvin Mercado ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Men And Women

Deep and Shallow Water Low-Speed Maneuvering Tests: Comparison Between Experimental and Simulation Results

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Ribolla Masetti ◽  
Pedro Cardozo de Mello ◽  
Guilherme F. Rosetti ◽  
Eduardo A. Tannuri
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Hydrodynamic Coefficients ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Tunnel Model ◽  
Oceanographic Research ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The University ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper presents small-scale low-speed maneuvering tests with an oceanographic research vessel and the comparison with mathematical model using the real time maneuvering simulator developed by the University of São Paulo (USP). The tests are intended to verify the behavior of the vessel and the mathematical model under transient and low speed tests. The small-scale tests were conducted in deep and shallow waters, with a depth-draft ratio equal to 1.28, in order to verify the simulator ability to represent the vessel maneuverability on both depth conditions. The hydrodynamic coefficients used in the simulator model were obtained by CFD calculations and wind tunnel model tests carried out for this vessel. Standard turning circle and accelerating turn maneuvers were used to compare the experimental and numerical results. A fair agreement was achieved for shallow and deep water. Some differences were observed mainly in the initial phase of the accelerating turn test.

‘Since I retired, I can take things as they come. For example, the laundry’: gender, class and freedom in retirement in Switzerland

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1556-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION REPETTI ◽  
TONI CALASANTI
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Reform Policy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Division Of Labour

ABSTRACTPopulation ageing has led many countries to be concerned about the ‘economic burden’ of elders, and several have adopted the active ageing paradigm to reform policy. However, gender differences that moderate the effect of active ageing have been little considered. As in other nations in the European Union, Swiss federal authorities use the active ageing paradigm to reshape ageing policies, including the provision of incentives to seniors to remain in the labour market. At the same time, many recent and proposed changes draw on the assumption of gender equality, even though actual parity has not yet been demonstrated. We know little about how gender shapes retirement in Switzerland, other than in relation to financial inequality between women and men. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with Swiss retirees (N = 15) shows how men and women describe this time of life differently. All respondents characterised retirement as a time of freedom; but the meaning of such freedom diverged for men and women, reflecting the gender division of labour, which is further shaped by class. We discuss the implications of this difference for the gendered consequences of active ageing policies.

Development of a Predictive Equation for Ventilation in a Wall-Solar Chimney System

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Park ◽  
Francine Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maximum Relative Error ◽  
Solar Chimney

A solar chimney is a natural ventilation technique that has potential to save energy consumption as well as to maintain the air quality in a building. However, studies of buildings are often challenging due to their large sizes. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between small- and full-scale solar chimney system models. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to model different building sizes with a wall-solar chimney utilizing a validated model. The window, which controls entrainment of ambient air for ventilation, was also studied to determine the effects of window position. A set of nondimensional parameters were identified to describe the important features of the chimney configuration, window configuration, temperature changes, and solar radiation. Regression analysis was employed to develop a mathematical model to predict velocity and air changes per hour, where the model agreed well with CFD results yielding a maximum relative error of 1.2% and with experiments for a maximum error of 3.1%. Additional wall-solar chimney data were tested using the mathematical model based on random conditions (e.g., geometry, solar intensity), and the overall relative error was less than 6%. The study demonstrated that the flow and thermal conditions in larger buildings can be predicted from the small-scale model, and that the newly developed mathematical equation can be used to predict ventilation conditions for a wall-solar chimney.

Trade, sociability and governance in an English incorporated borough: ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ worlds in Leicester, c. 1570–1640

Urban History ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOH KAWANA
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Simultaneous Existence ◽  
Informal Groups

This study highlights the simultaneous existence of ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ forces in an incorporated borough and their relevance to civic society and governance in a spatial context. Loosely organized networks of men and women of different ages and status were evidenced in credit arrangements, small-scale dealings and sociability in markets, streets and residential houses. These public and private spaces were also subjected to a civic government which attempted to integrate uncontrolled activities into the society of freemen. It is argued that the actions and decisions taken by informal groups and associations were constitutive of the progress of civic society in early modern England.

The Italian state and small business

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Scale Economy ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Small Enterprise ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Organisational Form ◽  
Italian Case

Despite the certainty with which our theories of industrial society chorused the demise of the small-scale economy, Italy'ssmall producers have not merely refused to disappear but have continued to nourish, multiply and predominate in the postwar economy. Most explanations for this phenomenon have centred oneconomic factors—whether the old linear notions of delayed development and backwardness (Fuà 1976; Sereni 1966), or the more fashionable centre-periphery model which attributes the survival of small-scale production to Italy's ‘latecomer’ status within the international division of labour (see, e.g., Paci 1979; Bagnasco 1977). In this paper I shall attempt to provide a non-economic explanation for the persistence and reproduction of Italy's small business stratum. The weight and importance of small enterprise in a given economy is not entirely explained by economic factors, since comparative statistics tell us that in many advanced economies petty production is by no means a marginal organisational form. Indeed they indicate that the processes of industrialism, far from generating homogenous and purgative effects, produce a diversity of conditions in which small firms can survive. On these and other empirical grounds, the paper argues that the differences observable in the Italian case are the product of particular social and institutional factors.

scholarly journals Sex differences in fat storage, fat metabolism, and the health risks from obesity: possible evolutionary origins

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Power ◽  
Jay Schulkin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Abdominal Region

Human beings are susceptible to sustained weight gain in the modern environment. Although both men and women can get fat, they get fat in different ways, and suffer different consequences. We review differences between men and women in the incidence of obesity, fat deposition patterns, fat metabolism, and the health consequences of obesity, and examine potential evolutionary explanations for these differences. Women generally have a larger proportion of body mass as fat, and are more likely to deposit fat subcutaneously and on their lower extremities; men are more likely to deposit fat in the abdominal region. Excess adipose tissue in the abdominal region, especially visceral fat, is associated with more health risks. Women have higher rates of reuptake of NEFA into adipose tissue; however, they also have higher rates of fat oxidation during prolonged exercise. Oestrogen appears to underlie many of these differences. Women bear higher nutrient costs during reproduction. Fat and fertility are linked in women, through leptin. Low leptin levels reduce fertility. Ovarian function of adult women is associated with their fatness at birth. In our evolutionary past food insecurity was a frequent occurrence. Women would have benefited from an increased ability to store fat in easily metabolisable depots. We suggest that the pattern of central obesity, more commonly seen in men, is not adaptive, but rather reflects the genetic drift hypothesis of human susceptibility to obesity. Female obesity, with excess adiposity in the lower extremities, reflects an exaggeration of an adaptation for female reproductive success.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID 19 Pandemic on the Quality of Life of Migrant Slum Dwellers of India: a Qualitative Study in Delhi State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIVEDITA ROY
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disadvantaged Community ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Mental Trauma ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: During the COVID pandemic, migrant workers had experienced harsh livelihood and socio-economic crises which amplified their challenges of life and significantly affected their mental health. However, there is a lack of in-depth evidence on how the mental trauma and shock of the loss of job and livelihood crisis affected men and women migrant workers differently. This study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID pandemic and lockdown on migrant workers who had faced psycho-social and financial challenges during the pandemic and lockdown and the effects of these challenges on their health. Methods: A formative research method comprising of iterative approach was used by conducting in-depth interviews of men and women migrant workers residing in randomly selected 2 blocks of a slum called Madanpur Khadar JJ Colony of Delhi, India. The respondents were chosen using a respondent driven purposive sampling depending on those who had faced severe loss during the pandemic. The migrant workers were interviewed about their challenges until saturation point was reached. In total 25 men and 25 women migrant workers were interviewed. Results: The financial constraints due to loss of employment, closing down of small scale self employment ventures, salary cuts and loans, threw life out of gear, further marginalizing the already disadvantaged community, who live from hand to mouth. To further aggravate the damage, COVID brought with it social stigma, discrimination, fear, stress, and anxiety. Women migrant workers bore the brunt of the burden of household responsibilities, increased demand without support and emotional abuse at home. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for unified social protection system with preventive, promotion-stricken, protective, and transformational measures designed through a crisis-responsive lens is required to provide an ecosystem of support to migrant workers.

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