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PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261198
Author(s):  
Franciany Braga-Pereira ◽  
Carlos A. Peres ◽  
Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves ◽  
Carmén Van-Dúnem Santos

Overhunting typically increases during and after armed conflicts, and may lead to regional-scale defaunation. The mitigation of hunting impacts is complex because, among other reasons, several intrinsic and extrinsic motivations underpin the elevated deployment of hunting practices. Here we present the first study focusing on these motivations in a post-war zone. Following persistently heavy hunting pressure during the 27-year Angolan civil war, the offtake of small to medium-bodied species has increased recently as a result of large mammal depletion. However, prey choice associated with different motivations varied in terms of species trophic level and body size. While most residents hunted large-bodied species to maximize revenues from wildlife trade, many low-trophic level smaller species were harvested to meet local subsistence demands because they were more palatable and could be captured using artisanal traps near hunters’ households. Mainly low-trophic level species were killed in retaliation for crop-raiding or livestock depredation. Considering all game species sampled in this study, 96% were captured to attend two or more motivations. In addition, hunting associated with different motivations was partitioned in terms of age and gender, with prey acquisition for the wildlife trade primarily carried out by adult men, while hunting to meet local subsistence needs and inhibit human-wildlife conflicts were carried out by adult men and women, children and even the elderly. In natural savannah areas lacking fish as a source of protein, a higher number of species was selected to supply both the meat trade and subsistence, while more species in forest areas were targeted for trade in animal body parts and conflict retaliation. Finally, local commerce in bushmeat and other body parts accrued higher domestic revenues compared to any alternative sources of direct and indirect income. However, these financial benefits were at best modest, largely unsustainable in terms of prey population collapses, and generated high long-term costs for the local to regional scale economy and native biodiversity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-178
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov

At the turn of the 19th – 20th century Siberia became a “melting pot” once again, where the representatives of various ethnic groups found themselves. The reasons for the resettlement beyond the Urals were of predominant economic character. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of various social events of the first third of the 20th century on the life of Siberian Germans. Russian Germans engaged in agriculture were forced to seek the ways to survive inside Russia in the situation of the agrarian crisis. Modernization of the state migration policy at the beginning of the 20th century and development of the railway transport allowed for labor migration, as a result of which Siberia turned into one of the agrarian regions, being on the rise, by the mid-1910s. German immigrants, who created capitalist farm type households there and became a model for Russian old-timers and other immigrants, contributed greatly to his process. However, the events of 1914-1922 disrupted the customary pace of life in the German village. The economic policy of the Bolsheviks who came to power provoked famine in the first half of the 1920s.The German population suffered from hunger as well, which drove up emigration sentiments. However, NEP and restoration of cooperation allowed them to start rapid recovery of the small-scale economy. The All-Russian Mennonite Agricultural Union played a pivotal role in this process. The gradual curtailment of NEP and transition to a command-administrative economic model were connected with pressure on the German population among which the conservative-clerical sentiments prevailed. It was sure to provoke a new round of confrontation between the Russian Germans and the Soviet state in the late 1920s already. The article is intended for those interested in the history of ethnic minorities (Russian Germans) and national politics in the twentieth century.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13412
Author(s):  
Zhiyu Fang ◽  
Ling Jiang ◽  
Zhong Fang

Due to the different focus of policies in different regions, China’s energy efficiency has been unstable in recent years. The changing focus of policies at the same time has also impacted the energy system, and therefore, it is very important to explore the impact of China’s new energy policy on its oil and gas energy efficiency. The practical significance of this research is to integrate three policy intervention factors: incentive economic policy intervention, government financial intervention, and mandatory policy intervention. Through the regression of the Stochastic Frontier Approach model, the influence of these policy intervention factors on the efficiency evaluation of decision-making units is eliminated. We calculate the environmental pollution index as an undesired output to measure the efficiency of policy intervention in the green economy of China’s oil and gas energy, use Luenberger model to explore total factor productivity, and find the main reasons that affect the productivity of the green energy economy. The results show that China’s oil and gas energy construction is currently in the stage of scale economy, but the heavy dependence of China’s energy consumption on foreign imports leads to difficulties and urgency in the present stage of technological progress. After excluding the factors of policy intervention, China’s overall energy is in a slightly insufficient policy environment, and energy efficiency is in an unbalanced state.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Qiuxia Li

Background. With the continuous advancement of digital technology and the accelerated development of digital finance, the rise of digital finance has had a vital impact on the true evolution of SMEs. The digital economy has a significant positive impact on the productivity of SMEs. Method. This article first analyzes the digital level of SMEs, studies the incentive effect of digital finance on the level of technological revolution of SMEs, and analyzes the mitigation effect of digital finance evolution on the financing constraints of SMEs. At the same time, it also studies how to develop the digital economy and achieve high-quality business evolution. Result. The digital economy can promote the growth of enterprise productivity through four indirect ways: scale economy effect, scope economy effect, technological revolution effect, and management benefit effect. Conclusion. The Financial Technology Optimization program helps financial leaders adopt new digital technologies to optimize financial processes while minimizing disruption.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256590
Author(s):  
Ning Geng ◽  
Zhifeng Gao ◽  
Chuchu Sun ◽  
Mengyao Wang

Promoting farmland transfer through the farmland rental market is an essential instrument to achieve the scale economy of agricultural production in China. However, past literature on the land reform in China pays more attention to the renting-in household or the renting-out household, respectively, less to both types of households together. Using a large-scale survey of farm households in China, we examine the determinants of participation in the farmland rental market and quantify the impact of the rental market on farmers’ income. Findings show household off-farm income, family members’ part-time employment, agricultural subsidies, and participation in agricultural cooperatives significantly affect farmers’ participation in the farmland rental market. Participation in the farmland rental market significantly increases the income of renting-in households, while it decreases the income of renting-out households, which might result from the temporary lag effect of the land system reform.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Anh Dao

The state budget balance is always an extremely important issue for each government. In 2020, Vietnam has a relatively small-scale economy. Its economic scale and GDP per capita reached 271.2 billion USD and 2,779 USD respectively. Budget revenue is still limited, but the need for recurrent spending and development investment is still very large now and in many years to come. In the past time, budget revenue and expenditure are in a situation of not having the necessary balance, the state budget deficit has been still around 4.5 percent of GDP. The actual state budget revenue and expenditure balance have been revealing several disadvantages. Faced to such a situation, the author would like to present some important issues about the state budget revenue and expenditure and propose key solutions to increase the efficiency of state budget revenue and expenditure in Vietnam.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-642
Author(s):  
Farhana Jhuma Choudhury ◽  
Md. Ashraful Haque

The intensive agriculture system is prominent in the mainstream production technique of Bangladesh. The paper illustrates the contests of the traditional production system of Khasi about mainstream social and economic expectations of resource use. The specific Khasi adaptation process and the patterned dependency on available environmental resources can be observed in the traditional Khasi production practices. Meanwhile, the logic on the need for intensive production has been rising in the changing socio-economic resource maximization process towards sustainability. The impact of the mainstream trends of agriculture practices on a small-scale economy has been analyzed here with the changes in labor mobility, mechanism of labor control, production cost, and hierarchy issues of the traditional production system. The research findings reflect that modernity initiatives have changed the social and natural support system in production, and changes occur in the system through the market-induced priority of development. The production process is trending towards intensive cultivation. Whether a generalized community, i.e., dependent on multiple natural yielding, diversified forest resources, and social value-oriented cultivation system, can continue the traditional living in a staple food dominated mainstream agro-economy. The study shows that intensive production is growing in the traditional production field of Khasi with modern technologies. As the ongoing production process is found segmented and capital intensive, the research suggests the community-based production behavior to defend the vulnerability of the economic capital-poor Khasis of Bangladesh.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Olena Vasyl’yeva

The aim of the article is to assess the impact of various factors (forms of capital) on the formation of gross value added and gross output of the agricultural sector of Ukraine’s economy under sustainable development using the modified Cobb-Douglas production function. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study consisted of the papers on economic growth, sustainable development and forecasting by scientists in classical and modern economics. A monographic method was used to cover the scientists’ views on the research issue. The parameters of the production function describing how variables (physical and human capital, pollutant emissions) act on gross value added and gross output of the agricultural sector of Ukraine were estimated on the basis of the modified Cobb-Douglas production function. Statistics for agriculture covering the period 2008-2018 were used for the assessment. The correlation and regression analysis was used to determine and verify the parameters of the production function. Equations of balance and construction of isoquants were used to foresight the optimal combinations of factors of the production function. Results. Using the Cobb-Douglas production function, econometric analysis with eco-socio-economic factors has shown that economic growth in agriculture is associated with improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of labour potential, growing capital investment and reducing pollutant emissions. Estimation of the elasticity coefficients of the constructed Cobb-Douglas function (the sum exceeds 1) justifies that the economic development of agriculture mainly contains the features of a large-scale economy: modern level of science and technology provides advantageous expanding production to increase output. Practical significance. The constructed models allow to forecast assessment of the development of the agricultural sector’s components and can be used to develop the basic directions of the state agricultural policy to manage the formation and use of resource potential. Value/originality. Modelling how the resource factors act on output using the method of construction and calculation of parameters of the production function allows to predict the sustainable development of agricultural production under quantitative and qualitative changes in the use of labour and capital, as well as environmental factors. Further research ensures obtaining a dynamic multi-factor model of sustainable development of the agricultural sector and determining the main mechanisms of influence on the levers of economic growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Jianqiang Fan ◽  
Haicheng Xu

Although China’s toll highways are world-renowned, they suffer from indisputable operational inefficiencies. Operationally, China’s toll highway sector is characterized by an administrative monopoly. In particular, governmental loan-repayment highways have such characteristics as franchising, monopoly, and “one highway by one company.” Hence, this study concentrates on the relationship between economic performance, administrative monopoly, and scale efficiency with respect to toll highways, and explores how the China-specific administrative monopoly affects the transformation of toll highways from scale to efficiency. Using the globally referenced data envelopment analysis- (DEA-) Malmquist Index, this study first measures the operational efficiency of China’s toll highway sector from 2010 to 2017. Based on provincial panel data, this paper then discusses the relationship between toll highway scale and economic performance through system-generalized method of moments estimation and verifies the status quo of the transformation of toll highways from scale to efficiency. From the provincial and industrial perspectives, this study further verifies how an administrative monopoly restricts the transformation from scale to total factor productivity and scale efficiency through the unique operation pattern in the toll highway sector. Finally, this study conducts an extended analysis of the relationship between operational efficiency and debt in the toll highway sector. The administrative monopoly is found to increase the debt burden of the toll highway sector and to have a negative impact on the long-term sustainability of the sector.


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