scholarly journals Description of the corundum stone, and its varieties, commonly known by the names of oriental Ruby, Sapphire, &c.; with observations on some other mineral substances

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Description ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Mineral Substances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crystalline Forms ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Mineral System

In a former paper, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798, Count de Bournon gave an analytical description of the crystalline forms of corundum from the East Indies and from China. From a note inserted at the beginning of the present com­munication, we learn, that the great number of specimens of that substance, since collected from different parts, chiefly of the East, have added so considerably to our knowledge relating to that sub­ject, as to render it necessary not only to correct, but even, in many respects, to alter our opinion concerning it : and that hence, rather than create intricacy by introducing this additional knowledge in the form of a supplement, he had thought it expedient to collect all the information that could be obtained into one point of view, in hopes of delivering, in the present paper, with the addition of a chemical analysis which we are taught to expect from Mr. Chenevix, a com­plete mineralogical history of this curious substance. The paper is prefaced by a short historical account of the opinions of former naturalists concerning the corundum stone, and its classi­fication in the mineral system. The first of these, who derived their knowledge chiefly from lapidaries, had no hesitation in placing it among the gems, the hardest of which they distinguished by the epithet Oriental, and subdivided them according to their colours. Romé de Lisle was the first who deduced distinctive characters from the crystalline forms of the different sorts, rejecting the colour as a fallacious character. The first chemists who undertook to analyse this stone, thought themselves authorized to consider it as consisting of new elementary earths; but afterwards it was thought, and it appears now with much reason, to belong to the class of those stones which are chiefly, if not entirely, composed of argill. Werner at length also undertook the analysis; but he retrograded somewhat from what has been since found to be the truth, by placing it between pitch-stone and felspar. Abbé Hauy at length, recurring again to the crystalline form, placed it immediately after felspar, and before the Ceylonite; from both which, however, it differs widely, both by its hardness and specific gravity.

scholarly journals ADA YANG MANIS DI TIMUR NUSANTARA? KOSMOPOLITANISME TANAMAN TEBU DALAM HISTORIOGRAFI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ronal Ridhoi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Massive Development

This paper tries to remind readers about the history of sugarcane in the archipelago and its transnationalization. This crop, which is actually endemic on Eastern Indonesia, was famous in the market world since Europeans "introduced" it to the archipelago, especially in Java. So, a simple questions, is the sugarcane originated from Indonesia? Where did it come from? To what extent this crop become cosmopolitan and what are the socio-ecological impacts in Indonesia? By using historical methods and a cosmopolitanism point of view, the author finds the fact that the mainland of Papua (Indonesia and New Guinea) had been domesticated sugarcane for thousand years Before Christ. Sugarcane was transnationalized to various parts of the world until it was brought back to the archipelago by European traders. Later, this crop became the largest funds contributor to the Dutch East Indies during the colonial period due to the massive development of the sugar industry in Java Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengingatkan kembali para pembaca tentang sejarah tanaman tebu di Nusantara dan proses transnasionalisasinya. Tanaman yang sebenarnya endemik di Indonesia bagian Timur ini kemudian menjadi primadona di pasaran dunia sejak orang-orang Eropa “memperkenalkan” di Nusantara, khususnya di Jawa. Pertanyaan yang muncul, apakah tebu bukan tanaman asli Indonesia? Dari mana asal tanaman tersebut? Sejauh mana tanaman ini menjadi kosmopolit dan apa implikasinya terhadap kondisi sosio-ekologi di Indonesia? Dengan menggunakan metode sejarah dan sudut pandang kosmopolitanisme, penulis menemukan fakta bahwasanya daratan Papua (Indonesia dan New Guinea) sudah melakukan domestifikasi tebu sejak ribuan tahun sebelum Masehi. Tebu mengalami transnasionalisasi ke berbagai belahan dunia sampai kemudian dibawa kembali ke Nusantara oleh para pedagang Eropa. Tanaman ini kemudian menjadi penyumbang devisa terbesar untuk negara Hindia Belanda masa kolonial karena perkembangan industri gula yang masif di Jawa.

IX. Description of the corundum stone, and its varieties, commonly known by the names of oriental ruby, sapphire, &c.; with observations on some other mineral substances

1802 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 233-326 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Investigation ◽  
Mineral Substances ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Crystalline Forms ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Precious Stones

When, in the year 1798, I presented to the Royal Society, in conjunction with Mr. Greville, a Paper on the Corundum Stone, I gave some hints of an opinion which l,as well as Mr. Greville, had already formed, namely, that the said stone was absolutely of the same nature with those stones or gems which mineralogists, following the example of the jewellers, had hitherto distinguished by the epithet oriental . This opinion was founded upon circumstances which appeared to me perfectly satisfactory; but these circumstances had not yet been sufficiently examined, nor were they sufficiently striking, to obviate every possible objection; and, consequently, my opinion was not yet in a state fit to be presented to the Royal Society, as an established truth. Since that time, I have never lost sight of this object, nor have I neglected any means in my. power, which could conduce to the end I had in view; and I may say, that my success has far surpassed my expectations. The spe­cimens of corundum that have been lately sent from India, joined to the very considerable collection of oriental gems, in their perfect crystalline forms, which I have been able to pro­cure, have afforded me the most satisfactory demonstration that a mineralogist can wish for; and nothing was now wanting to fix, in a complete and decisive manner, the general opinion respecting this stone, except to give it that additional support which is furnished by chemical investigation. Mr, Klaproth indeed had already published an analysis of the corundum stone, and of the sapphire; but he had not submitted to the same scrutiny, the perfect red corundum or oriental ruby; it is possible also, that the specimens of corundum he made use of in his analysis, which had been taken from among the first specimens of this stone sent from India, were not so pure as might have been wished, and that this impurity was the cause of the difference, (which however was very trifling,) between the result of their analysis and that of the sapphire. I there­ fore chose, from among the specimens of corundum which had been sent from China, from the kingdom of Ava, from the Carnatic, and from the coast of Malabar, such pieces as ap­peared to me the most pure; and, after having added to them a quantity of oriental rubies and sapphires, sufficient for many repeated analyses, I requested Mr. Ch e n e v ix, whose chemical labours are so useful to mineralogy, by his constant application of them to that science, to have the kindness to join with me in the investigation I had undertaken. The Royal Society will perceive, in the detail given by Mr. Chenevix himself, of the analyses which he has made, not only of the different varieties, of corundum, but also of the substances which accompany this stone in its matrix, how very satisfactory to science are the results of those analyses; insomuch, that I can now offer to the Society, as one of the best established truths, what, in the year 1798, I mentioned merely as a suspicion which had great pro­bability in its favour; and can also, in consequence of the particular study I have made of all the varieties of stones that I have here joined together, under the general denomi­nation of corundum, present to the Society a collection of facts, for the most part unknown, which, altogether, may be considered as forming a mineralogical history of this substance. Although the epithet oriental has been for a long time used by the lapidaries, to express, in gems or precious stones, a degree of hardness superior to that of other stones, (the diamond excepted,) which made them capable of taking a more brilliant polish; and although, following the example of the lapidaries, naturalists had employed the same term by way of distinguishing them, there still remained a great uncer­tainty, respecting the nature of the analogy which really existed between the various stones to which the above epithet was applied.

Kant and Bolzano on Analyticity

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rusnock
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
In Virtue Of

Abstract: The history of speculation on a notion or notions called analyticity, now usually characterized as truth in virtue of meanings and independently of fact, is often viewed from the perspective of the Quine-Carnap dispute. Previous characterizations, due to Kant, Frege and others, are then seen as being of a piece with Carnap’s various definitions of analyticity, and thus open to Quine’s objections. Seen from this point of view, Bolzano’s claims about analyticity appear downright bizarre: for on his conception, analyticity is not only non-linguistic, but also independent of both apriority and necessity. In this paper, it is argued that the problem lies not with Bolzano, but rather with the received historical account, especially its interpretation of Kant.

scholarly journals POLITIK HUKUM DALAM BIDANG HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Fitra Mulyawan ◽  
Kiki Yulinda ◽  
Dora Tiara
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Marriage Laws ◽  
Religion And State ◽  
Islamic Marriage ◽  
The Ideal

In Indonesia, religion and state are two different entities, and each has its own autonomy, where there is an area that is completely “belonging to” religion, the state cannot enter it and there is also an area that is fully the competence of the state, so religion is not can participate in it. So that the formation of laws will reflect the configuration of power and political interests. In the actualization of political power and interests, sometimes there is a clash between the interests of fragmatism and those that are permanent and in favor of the benefit of mankind. This means that the interests of ideological values that live and develop in society can be configured with the interests of political power fragmatism. Therefore, first, the legislative program for several aspects of the modernization of Islamic family law politics in Indonesia, namely starting with the history of legislation on marriage in Indonesia, one of which is the Dutch East Indies Government circulating the Draft Ordinance on Registered Marriage, which includes the principle of monogamy and the prohibition of imposing divorce out of court. Then from the point of view of the meaning of the ideal law, the presence of KHI is a series of historical national laws that can reveal the various meanings of the life of the Indonesian Muslim community. Second, before the birth of Law no. 1 of 1974 in Indonesia various marriage laws apply for various groups of citizens and various regions. in the Indieche Staats Regeling (ISR), namely the Indian constitutional regulations. After independence, the Indonesian government has established a number of Islamic marriage regulations. Among them are Law Number 22 Year 1946 concerning Registration of Marriage, Divorce and Reconciliation.

Camels, Wagons, and the Ottoman State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraiya Faroqhi
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
History Of ◽  
Boat Traffic ◽  
Institutional Aspects ◽  
Road Paving ◽  
Different Parts

The history of Ottoman transportation as a whole still remains to be written. To date, scholars have concentrated mainly upon the institutional aspects of the problem. Thus Cengiz Orhonlu in his pioneering work has dealt with attempts on the part of the Ottoman administration to maintain street and road paving, establish ferryboat services, control river navigation, and ensure the safety of public roads. Boat traffic within Istanbul, which linked the different parts of the Ottoman capital and thus ensured their mutual integration, was also treated mainly from the Ottoman administration's point of view.1After Orhonlu's untimely death, research into the institutional framework supporting Ottoman communications was continued by other scholars. Particularly the arrangements intended to supply official couriers with post-horses have recently been made the object of several monographs.2

Perspectives of Reforming the System of Interbudget Relations in Russia (in the Light of the International Experience)

2006 ◽  
pp. 112-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of

The attempts to reconstruct the instruments of interbudget relations take place in all federations. In Russia such attempts are especially popular due to the short history of intergovernmental relations. Thus the review of the ¬international experience of managing interbudget relations to provide economic and social welfare can be useful for present-day Russia. The author develops models of intergovernmental relations from the point of view of making decisions about budget authorities’ distribution. The models that can be better applied in the Russian case are demonstrated.

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

Beérkezett könyvek

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
Csaba Pléh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
New Science ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Oxford University Press

Danziger, Kurt: Marking the mind. A history of memory . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008Farkas, Katalin: The subject’s point of view. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008MosoninéFriedJudités TolnaiMárton(szerk.): Tudomány és politika. Typotex, Budapest, 2008Iacobini, Marco: Mirroring people. The new science of how we connect with others. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2008Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Du vrai, du beau, du bien.Une nouvelle approche neuronale. Odile Jacob, PárizsGazzaniga_n

Christianity in the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Different Parts

This book charts the transformation of one of the world's great religions during an age marked by world wars, genocide, nationalism, decolonization, and powerful ideological currents, many of them hostile to Christianity. The book traces how Christianity evolved from a religion defined by the culture and politics of Europe to the expanding polycentric and multicultural faith it is today—one whose growing popular support is strongest in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, China, and other parts of Asia. The book sheds critical light on themes of central importance for understanding the global contours of modern Christianity, illustrating each one with contrasting case studies, usually taken from different parts of the world. Unlike other books on world Christianity, this one is not a regional survey or chronological narrative, nor does it focus on theology or ecclesiastical institutions. The book provides a history of Christianity as a popular faith experienced and lived by its adherents, telling a compelling and multifaceted story of Christendom's fortunes in Europe, North America, and across the rest of the globe. It demonstrates how Christianity has had less to fear from the onslaughts of secularism than from the readiness of Christians themselves to accommodate their faith to ideologies that privilege racial identity or radical individualism.

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