scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrate animals. Part I. Ichthyopsida. Section 1. Pisces. Subsection 1. Teleostei

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 415-417
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anterior Pair ◽  
The Brain

The brain of Mugil cephalus consists of three pairs and one unpaired tuberosity above, and two below. The most anterior pair are the olfactory lobes. From the anterior to posterior end they present four layers; first, olfactory nerve fibres with cell-like swellings upon them; second, coarsely granular neuroglia, with incipient glomeruli olfactorii, and large tripolar nerve cells; third, small usually unipolar cells each in its own space in the neuroglia; the whole collected into a rounded mass; fourth, nerve fibres proceeding from this mass to the second pair of tuberosities, the cerebral lobes, which consist of finely granular neuroglia, in which small cells are situated towards the circumference, and larger cells towards the centre, each of the latter contained in a lymph space.

scholarly journals Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of nervous system disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 517-531
Author(s):  
Wioletta Kazana ◽  
Agnieszka Zabłocka
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bdnf Level ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the proper functioning of the nervous system. It regulates the growth and survival of nerve cells, and is crucial in processes related to the memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. Abnormalities related to the distribution and secretion of BDNF protein accompany many diseases of the nervous system, in the course of which a significant decrease in BDNF level in the brain is observed. Impairments of BDNF transport may occur, for example, in the event of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Bdnf (Val66Met) coding gene or due to the dysfunctions of the proteins involved in intracellular transport, such as huntingtin (HTT), huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1), carboxypeptidase E (CPE) or sortilin 1 (SORT1). One of the therapeutic goals in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system may be the regulation of expression and secretion of BDNF protein by nerve cells. Potential therapeutic strategies are based on direct injection of the protein into the specific region of the brain, the use of viral vectors expressing the Bdnf gene, transplantation of BDNF-producing cells, the use of substances of natural origin that stimulate the cells of the central nervous system for BDNF production, or the use of molecules activating the main receptor for BDNF – tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). In addition, an appropriate lifestyle that promotes physical activity helps to increase BDNF level in the body. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the biological role of BDNF protein and proteins involved in intracellular transport of this neurotrophin. Moreover, it presents contemporary research trends to develop therapeutic methods, leading to an increase in the level of BDNF protein in the brain.

Synaptic Relations in the Atrial Nervous System of Amphioxus

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (46) ◽  
pp. 243-261
Author(s):  
QUENTIN BONE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Nerve Bundles ◽  
Analogous Manner ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Nerve

A detailed description of the system of peripheral nerve-cells upon the gut and diverticulum of amphioxus (Branchiostoma) is given; it is shown experimentally by means of degeneration experiments that these cells are connected with the central nervous system by their own axons, which run in the dorsal-root nerves. The form and connexion of the cells are described, special attention is paid to the problems of the multinucleate cells in the plexus, and to the occurrence of possible asynaptic connexion between neighbouring nerve-cells. No sheath-cells have been observed upon the peripheral nerve-fibres, either within the atrial plexus or upon the dorsal-root nerve bundles; earlier misinterpretations of the nuclei of the cells of the epineurium around the dorsal nerve bundles are discussed. The origin of the atrial system in ontogeny is discussed; it is suggested that it arises in an analogous manner to the enteric plexuses of vertebrates, by outgrowth from the central nervous system. The part that this system of nerve-cells plays in the life of the animal is not known. Finally, the relation of this system of cells to that found upon the guts of other groups of animals is discussed, and it is concluded that the system is not homologous with the enteric systems of nerve-cells in the vertebrates.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Seifried
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Perivascular Infiltration

1. A more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection. 2. This hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. The glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrated vessels or forming small nodules or more diffuse foci. Satellitism and in a few instances true neuronophagia have been observed. Both microglia and macroglia participate in this process. There is no essential increase of glia fibers. In nearly all parts of the central nervous system degenerating lesions of the nerve cells such as tigrolysis and degeneration of the nucleus, including a slight atrophy of endocellular neurofibers, are encountered. No demyelinization has been observed. Specific inclusion bodies in the nerve cells are absent. In addition, in a certain number of cases microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages are present in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. 3. These lesions in varying degrees have been found in swine infected with four different strains of hog cholera virus. Two were laboratory strains and two were obtained from fresh field outbreaks. 4. Histological changes in the central nervous system were found as early as 6 days after infection before the animal showed central nervous system symptoms. In two cases which were paralyzed no lesions in the central nervous system could be demonstrated. 5. The lesions in the central nervous system are considered to be the anatomical substratum for the various nervous symptoms commonly found in hog cholera.

The central nervous system of Nautilus

1965 ◽  
Vol 249 (754) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system of Nautilus shows greater similarity to that of coleoid cephalopods than appears at first sight. In the area where the three main cords of the nervous system meet there is a region comparable in position to the magnocellular lobe of coleoids, and it contains large cells. It receives some static nerve fibres and is the origin of the nerves of the ocular tentacles. The anterior suboesophageal cord is not a single entity. The brachial nerves and nerves of the hood arise from its anterior part, which is directly continuous with the cerebral cord. The funnel nerves arise from a distinct part, continuous with the magnocellular and palliovisceral regions. If the tentacles are innervated from a region derived from the cerebral cord then they cannot be closely compared with the foot of other molluscs. The cerebral cord shows no clear internal division into lobes, but it is nevertheless organized on a plan recognizably like that of coleoids. Its anterior portion contains large cells and gives rise to the connectives that control the buccal mass. It receives the labial nerves and probably gustatory fibres. In the hinder part of the cerebral cord four regions are recognized. An outer dorsal plexiform zone receives afferents from many sources and perhaps serves to allow responses to combinations of inputs. It is especially developed as lateral cerebral lobes at the entry of the brachial nerve fibres. This zone may be compared with the inferior and superior frontal lobes of Octopus. Fibres pass from the plexiform zone through a layer of small cells to a laminated zone of specialized neuropil. This region corresponds approximately to the vertical lobe of coleoids, but the similarity is not very great. The centre of the cerebral cord contains larger cells, probably providing the output channels to other centres. The ventral portion contains commissural bundles. The olfactory lobes are relatively larger and the optic lobes smaller than in coleoids. Both are lateral continuations of the cerebral cord and have the same basic structure as the latter. The optic nerve fibres do not form a chiasma between the retina and the optic lobe. The optic lobe shows a general similarity to that of coleoids but there is no external granular layer and no peduncle lobe. There is no distinct optic gland but cells that perhaps represent optic gland tissue occur between the optic and cerebral lobes. The statocyst is a simple sack with no signs of macula or crista. Its duct remains open in the adult. The static nerve fibres run partly to the magnocellular lobe, partly to the cerebral cord. The plan of the cerebral cord of Nautilus thus appears as a general sketch of the system that exists in coleoids. The ‘higher’ centres for producing responses from combinations of inputs and perhaps for memory storage are only beginning to emerge from an undivided centre for the reflex control of the operations of feeding. The fact that Nautilus has remained macrosmatic and has poor vision may be connected with the relative simplicity of its higher centres. Nevertheless, its nervous system contains vastly more channels and complex parts than are found in any non-cephalopod mollusc.

scholarly journals Fused neurons and synaptic contacts in the giant nerve fibres of cephalopods

1939 ◽  
Vol 229 (564) ◽  
pp. 465-503 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complete Fusion ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Giant Fibre System

The fact that there are two very large nerve cells in the central nervous system of the squid, Loligo , was discovered by Williams (1909), who also gave a brief description of their connexions. His account appears never to have been amplified, or indeed even mentioned, by any subsequent worker until these enormous nerve fibres were accidentally rediscovered in 1933 (see Young 1935 a , 1936 a, b, c ). Williams considered that the whole giant-fibre system on each side of the body consists of the processes of one of the two main giant cells. In fact the arrangement is much more complicated than this, and contains two curiously opposite features of the greatest interest for the neurologist (Young 1936 £). First, the processes of the two main giant cells provide a clear case of the complete fusion of the axons of two nerve cells, thus infringing the strict canon of the neuron theory. Nevertheless, and this is the second point, there are also present, elsewhere in the system, discontinuous synapses which are perhaps more clear and easy to study than any yet described.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

Ethanolamine: A Potential Promoiety with Additional Effects in the Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfree Gwanyanya ◽  
Christie Nicole Godsmark ◽  
Roisin Kelly-Laubscher
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bioactive Molecule ◽  
Positive Functions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Ethanolamine is a bioactive molecule found in several cells, including those in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, ethanolamine and ethanolamine-related molecules have emerged as prodrug moieties that can promote drug movement across the blood-brain barrier. This improvement in the ability to target drugs to the brain may also mean that in the process ethanolamine concentrations in the brain are increased enough for ethanolamine to exert its own neurological ac-tions. Ethanolamine and its associated products have various positive functions ranging from cell signaling to molecular storage, and alterations in their levels have been linked to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. This mini-review focuses on the effects of ethanolamine in the CNS and highlights the possible implications of these effects for drug design.

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