scholarly journals VII. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution.— IV. On the probable errors of frequency constants and on the influence of random selection on variation and correlation

1898 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 229-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theorem ◽  
Random Selection ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Insignificant Difference ◽  
Normal Correlation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Individual

(1) In earlier memoirs by one of the present authors, methods have been discussed for the calculation of the constants ( a ) of variation, normal or skew, ( b ) of correla­tion, when normal. The subject of skew correlation would now naturally present itself, but although several important conclusions with regard to skew correlation have been worked out, there are still difficulties which impede the completion of the memoir on that topic. Meanwhile Mr. G. U. Yule has shown that the constants of normal correlation are significant, if not completely descriptive, even in the case of skew correlation. It seems desirable to take, some what out of its natural order, the subject of the present memoir, partly because the formulæ involved have been once or twice cited and several times used in memoirs by one of the present writers, and partly because the need of such formulæ seems to have been disregarded by various authors in some what too readily drawing conclusions from statistical data. Differences in the constants of variation or of correlation have been not infrequently asserted to be significant or non-significant of class or of type, or of race differences, without a due investigation of whether those differences are, from the standpoint of mathematical statistics, greater or less than the probable errors of the differences. Not withstanding that every artificial or even random selection of a group out of a community changes not only the amount of variation, but the amount of correlation of the organs of its members as com pared with those of the primitive group, it has been supposed that correlation might be a racial constant, and the approximate constancy of coefficients of correlation of the same organs in allied species has been used as a valid argument. In the like manner differences in variation have been used as an argument for the activity of natural selection without a discussion of the probable errors of those differences. In dealing with variation and correlation we find the distribution described by certain curves or surfaces fully determined when certain constants are known. These are the so-called constants of variation and correlation, the number of which may run up from two to a very considerable figure in the case of a complex of organs. If we deal with a complex of organs in two groups containing, say, n and n ' individuals, we can only ascertain whether there is a significant or insignificant difference between those groups by measuring the extent to which the differences of corresponding constants exceed the probable errors of those differences. The probable error of a difference can at once be found by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the probable errors of the quantities forming the difference. Hence the first step towards determining the significance of a group difference— i. e ., towards ascertaining whether it is really a class, race, or type difference— is to calculate the probable errors of the constants of variation and correlation of the individual groups. This will be the object of our first general theorem.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND CAREER MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339-1344
Author(s):  
Baki Koleci
Keyword(s):  
Career Development ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Career Management ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

We, as individuals, continually through our lives, learn and acquire the knowledge, skill, and skill we expect to help us employ or apply appropriately in order to gain a living and secure our survival. Everyone wants to build a successful career with which he can be proud of his life. However, this is not always so easy and simple, it requires a lot of sacrifices, concessions, compromises with our partners, the family, close social relationships, and finally with ourselves. In this paper, the subject of the research is the determination of career development, career stages, career factors, then expert opinions, the difference between traditional and modern career views, goals pursued by individuals in the career, and so on, Career development can be seen as an experience of individuals (an internal career) and this is not related to an organization. Although the responsibility for career management is in the hands of individuals, individuals, however, organizations can play a key role in shaping and developing careers by providing help and providing support. Career development can not be pursued individually or separately from the personality as a whole, meaning it reflects on the context of life and the development of the person as a whole, not just personality as work. The main goal in career development is to realize the current and future needs and goals of the organization and individuals, which has to do more with developing employment opportunities and improving the skills needed for employment. Career success is reflected in the eyes of the individual and can be defined as a career pleasure through achieving personal goals related to the work, while at the same time enhancing the success and efficiency of the organization.

scholarly journals Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. IV. On the probable errors of frequency constants and on the influence of random selection on variation and correlation

1898 ◽  
Vol 62 (379-387) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
General Theorem ◽  
Random Selection ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Normal Law ◽  
Made In

This memoir starts with a general theorem, by which the probable errors made in calculating the constants of any frequency distribution may be determined. It is shown that these probable errors form a correlated system approximately following the normal law of frequency, whatever be the nature of the original frequency distribution, i. e .,whether it be skew or normal. The importance of this result for the theory of evolution is then drawn attention to.

Physical Illness, the Individual and the Coping Processes

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. J. Lipowski
Keyword(s):  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Illness Behavior ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Coping Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Optimum Recovery

Growing interest in the psychological and social aspects of physical illness and disability has extended to all facets of the behavior of patients. The ways in which people cope with the stress and challenges of disease is the subject of this paper. The writer presents a tentative framework for conceptualization of this aspect of illness behavior. A brief discussion of the major determinants of coping is given. The latter include intrapersonal, disease-related and environmental variables. Coping behavior is a resultant of multiple factors reflecting a patient's specific dispositions as well as characteristics of his total situation during a given episode of illness and its different phases. The way in which the patient copes with his illness spells the difference between optimum recovery or psychological invalidism. It is the doctor's task to recognize his patient's mode of coping and help him employ the most adaptive and effective coping strategies.

scholarly journals Permanent Revolution In Science: A Quantum Epistemology

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
Permanent Revolution ◽  
Scientific Epistemology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gestalt Switch

This article is the preface to the Russian translation of my Kuhn vs Popper. I use it as an opportunity to re-examine the difference between Kuhn and Popper on the nature of ‘revolutions’ in science. Kuhn is rightly seen as a ‘reluctant revolutionary’ and Popper a ‘permanent revolutionary’. In this respect, Kuhn sticks to the original medieval meaning of ‘revolution’ as restoration of a natural order, whereas Popper adopts the more modern meaning of ‘revolution’ that comes into fashion after the French Revolution, which suggests a radical renewal. A key to understanding this difference in revolutionary mentalities lies in Kuhn’s and Popper’s respective treatment of the ‘Gestalt switch’ phenomenon. Kuhn sees the ambiguous Gestalt figure from the standpoint of the subject, and Popper from that of the experimenter. Behind this difference lies alternative interpretations of the significance of quantum mechanics for scientific epistemology, a preoccupation that Kuhn and Popper shared with the original Gestalt psychologists and is beginning engage the interest of social scientists.

scholarly journals Two Concepts of Recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Adam Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Communitarian Philosophy

The aim of this paper is to submit the doctrine of methodological individualism to a reconsideration from the point of view of the arguments formulated by contemporary communitarian philosophy. I propose to approach the opposition between the individual and the community, constitutive for the liberal– communitarian debate, by means of two concepts, i.e. those of recognition and order. I argue that for the individualists a social order emerges through a process of mutual recognition of the pre-existing individuals and their interests, while the communitarians claim that the task of individuals is to recognize values and norms of a pre-existing social order which is to become their own. The difference between them thus resides primarily in the ontological distinction between the respective objects of these two divergent concepts of recognition. The argument is developed through an analysis of David Hume’s concept of the individual. In opposition to some communitarian claims, I maintain that his approach may be interpreted as an antecedent of the communitarian views on the subject. I also outline a view of moral rules as neither universal, absolutist, nor purely emotivist in character, but as social constructions endowed with the status of “contingent permanence.”

scholarly journals XI. Further experiments and observations on the action of poisons on the animal system. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated to the Society for the improvement of animal chemistry, and by them to the Royal Society

1812 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Animal System ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Since I had the honour of communicating to the Royal Society some observations on the action of certain poisons on the animal system, I have been engaged in the further pro­secution of this inquiry. Besides some additional experiments on vegetable poisons, I have instituted several with a view to explain the effects of some of the more powerful poisons of the mineral kingdom. The former correspond in their results so nearly with those which are already before the public, that, in the present communication, I shall confine myself to those which appear to be of some importance, as they more par­ticularly confirm my former conclusions respecting the reco­very of animals apparently dead, where the cause of death operates exclusively on the nervous system. In my experi­ments on mineral poisons, I have found some circumstances wherein their effects differ from those of vegetable poisons, and of these I shall give a more particular account. What­ever may be the value of the observations themselves, the subject must be allowed to be one that is deserving of inves­tigation, as it does not appear unreasonable to expect that such investigation may hereafter lead to some improvements in the healing art. This consideration, I should hope, will be regarded as a sufficient apology for my pursuing a mode of inquiry by means of experiments on brute animals, of which we might well question the propriety, if no other purpose were to be answered by it than the gratification of curiosity. In my former communication on this subject, I entered into a detailed account of the majority of my experiments. This I conceived necessary, because in the outset of the inquiry I had been led to expect that even the same poison might not always operate precisely in the same manner; but I have since had abun­dant proof, that in essential circumstances there is but little variety in the effects produced by poisons of any description, when employed on animals of the same, or even of different species, beyond what may be referred to the difference in the quantity, or mode of application of the poison, or of the age and power of the animal. This will explain the reason of my not detailing, in the present communication, so many of the individual experiments from which my conclusions are drawn, as in the former; at the same time I have not been less care­ful to avoid drawing general conclusions from only a limited number of facts. Should these conclusions prove fewer, and of less importance than might be expected, such defects will, I trust, be regarded with indulgence; at least by those, who are aware of the difficulty of conducting a series of physiological experiments; of the time, which they necessarily occupy; of the numerous sources of fallacy and failure which exist; and of the laborious attention to the minutest circumstances, which is in consequence necessary in order to avoid being led into error.

The Maneuverings of a Transcendental Mind: Emerson's Essays of 1841

Prospects ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 499-520
Author(s):  
Lewis Leary
Keyword(s):  
Natural Order ◽  
Critical Observation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Better Than

Any attempt to explain Emerson inevitably results, to one degree or another, in explaining one's self, for Emerson's purpose was to awaken each person to assurance that the individual is indeed a self, different from but potentially similar to all others. With this in mind, I shall nonetheless attempt through an examination of his first series of essays to challenge the often expressed critical observation that his essays ultimately consist of aptly phrased, eminently quotable aphorisms strung formlessly together, so that his sentences are often better than his paragraphs, his paragraphs superior to the essays that they compose, and his collection—though wondrously inspiring in parts—is, finally, a miscellany. My enterprise is encouraged by Emerson's observation in his journal not many months after the Essays of 1841 appeared: “It is much to write sentences; it is more to add method & write out the subject of your life symmetrically … to arrange many general reflections in their natural order so that I shall have one harmonious piece.” It is the symmetry, the harmonious whole, the natural order, which I seek to discover and reveal.

scholarly journals Humanism as the essence of the principle of religious tolerance (on the example of the Ideas of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, and N. N. Pirogov)

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Evgeniia Mikhaylovna Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual System ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Transformational Process ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

During the period of globalization, various social strata comprise a new conceptual system. This ongoing transformational process prompts reconsideration of the fundamental concept of religious tolerance: it disintegrates and accretes with extraneous connotations. The worldwide growing religious fanaticism makes the problem of religious tolerance exceedingly acute. Its comprehension becomes relevant not only on the examples of countries, but also on the legacy of prominent representatives of different eras. The object of this research is the literary-philosophical heritage of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, and N. N. Pirogov. The subject is the principle of religious tolerance in the worldview of the listed philosophers. Each of them demonstrates a superior example of humanism in the era of close interaction of various ethnic groups. The analysis of works of the three cultural figures indicates that despite the difference in worldviews, they all agreed upon the general humanistic essence of religious tolerance. The recognition of religious tolerance as a general cultural universal is based on their perception of the world as a single organism that does not unify various religious traditions, but rather constitute them into the “unity of diversified”. If L. N. Tolstoy elucidates humanistic nature of religious tolerance on the level of the individual, communities and entire humanity, then F. M. Dostoevsky has such reflections due to theme of war and peace. In combination with the “cosmic” worldview of N. N. Pirogov, these three views reveal different edges of religious tolerance based on the principle of complementarity. The study of humanistic ideas of the Russian philosophers may contribute to the creation of the methodological concept of religious tolerance as one of the fundamentals of the state domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation during the globalization era.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

The Autobiographical Subject and the Death Penalty

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-187
Author(s):  
E. S. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
First Person ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Why does writing of the death penalty demand the first-person treatment that it also excludes? The article investigates the role played by the autobiographical subject in Derrida's The Death Penalty, Volume I, where the confessing ‘I’ doubly supplements the philosophical investigation into what Derrida sees as a trend toward the worldwide abolition of the death penalty: first, to bring out the harmonies or discrepancies between the individual subject's beliefs, anxieties, desires and interests with respect to the death penalty and the state's exercise of its sovereignty in applying it; and second, to provide a new definition of the subject as haunted, as one that has been, but is no longer, subject to the death penalty, in the light of the worldwide abolition currently underway.

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