scholarly journals A semi-holographic hyperdimensional representation system for hardware-friendly cognitive computing

2019 ◽  
Vol 378 (2164) ◽  
pp. 20190162
Author(s):  
A. Serb ◽  
I. Kobyzev ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
T. Prodromakis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Representation System ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Autonomous Computing ◽  
Level Information

One of the main, long-term objectives of artificial intelligence is the creation of thinking machines. To that end, substantial effort has been placed into designing cognitive systems; i.e. systems that can manipulate semantic-level information. A substantial part of that effort is oriented towards designing the mathematical machinery underlying cognition in a way that is very efficiently implementable in hardware. In this work, we propose a ‘semi-holographic’ representation system that can be implemented in hardware using only multiplexing and addition operations, thus avoiding the need for expensive multiplication. The resulting architecture can be readily constructed by recycling standard microprocessor elements and is capable of performing two key mathematical operations frequently used in cognition, superposition and binding, within a budget of below 6 pJ for 64-bit operands. Our proposed ‘cognitive processing unit’ is intended as just one (albeit crucial) part of much larger cognitive systems where artificial neural networks of all kinds and associative memories work in concord to give rise to intelligence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Harmonizing energy-autonomous computing and intelligence’.

Towards the Affective Cognition Approach to Human Performance in Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-534
Author(s):  
Nicola Mammarella
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Interesting Pattern

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, there has been investigation into the effects of microgravity and microgravity-like environments on cognition and emotion separately. Here we highlight the need of focusing on emotion-cognition interactions as a framework for explaining cognitive performance in space. In particular, by referring to the affective cognition hypothesis, the significant interplay between emotional variables and cognitive processing in space is briefly analyzed. Altogether, this approach shows an interesting pattern of data pointing to a dynamic relation that may be sensitive to microgravity. The importance of examining interactions between emotion and cognition for space performance remains fundamental (e.g., stress-related disorders) and deserves further attention. This approach is ultimately interesting considering the potential effects that microgravity may play on human performance during long-term space missions and on return to Earth.Mammarella N. Towards the affective cognition approach to human performance in space. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):532–534.

Individual differences in white and grey matter structure associated with verbal habits of thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Hayes ◽  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Rachel Pizzie ◽  
Joshua S. Cetron ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
White Matter Tracts

Modality specific encoding habits account for a significant portion of individual differences reflected in functional activation during cognitive processing. Yet, little is known about how these habits of thought influence long-term structural changes in the brain. Traditionally, habits of thought have been assessed using self-report questionnaires such as the visualizer-verbalizer questionnaire. Here, rather than relying on subjective reports, we measured habits of thought using a novel behavioral task assessing attentional biases toward picture and word stimuli. Hypothesizing that verbal habits of thought are reflected in the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical regions of interest, we used diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses to assess this prediction. Using a whole-brain approach, we show that word bias is associated with increased volume in several bilateral language regions, in both white and grey matter parcels. Additionally, connectivity within white matter tracts within an a priori speech production network increased as a function of word bias. These results demonstrate long-term structural and morphological differences associated with verbal habits of thought.

scholarly journals Formation of Stereotypes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Automatic Stereotyping ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Rapid Activation

The author of this paper explores the implications of automatic stereotyping in relation to social cognition drawing from the pre-existing literature. The current review is focused on how stereotypes are constructed, activated, maintained, and what cognitive tools are needed in order to change them. The construction of stereotypes is looked at in respect to the stereotype validity model, facial features, the mass media, and the influence society has on perpetuating stereotypes on a global scale. The neural correlates involved in the activation of stereotypes are discussed, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and anterior temporal cortex. The current review also includes ways in which cognitive processing can be slowed down to prevent the perpetuation of negative prejudices. Based on the review, future work is still required in the areas of longitudinal and diary studies that look into the long term consequences of the rapid activation and application of stereotypes.

Muslim Preachers of the Approaching End

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-79
Author(s):  
Bronislav Ostřanský
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The World ◽  
Considerable Impact

This chapter focuses on the essential constitutive segments of modern Islamic apocalyptic thought and writing, as well as the spiritual developments that led to its formation. The main objective of the chapter is to explain how this popular and, at least from “a theoretical perspective”, widely viewed subject from the last century has become one of the most important parts of current Islamic discourse and how this remarkable transformation took place. This is why the chapter also provides an extensive outline of non-Islamic (i.e. Western) “ideological borrowings” (both religious and secular) that have had a considerable impact on the shaping of contemporary apocalyptic imagination among a substantial part of the Muslim world. The decisive shift in the prevalent Muslim perception relates to the “Portents of the Hour” (i.e. the apocalyptic signs foreshadowing the End). There has been a move away from the level of an intellectually attractive, yet personally distant subject, that was addressed in various bestsellers (e.g. in Egypt, Turkey, etc.), towards the anxieties and great expectations that coalesced with the disintegration of the long-term Middle Eastern order, following the Western invasions of Iraq, which led to concerns in the minds of Moslems throughout the “World of Islam”.

The Management of Advanced Tooth Wear Using the T-Scan/BioEMG Synchronization Module

2015 ◽  
pp. 467-521
Author(s):  
Teresa Sierpińska
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Occlusal Contact ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Occlusal Wear ◽  
Synchronization Module ◽  
Level Information

Tooth wear is considered a normal, age dependent, physiological process that leads to the loss of enamel and dentine. However, in some cases the process is so progressive that it may be pathologic. The focus of this chapter is to present the consequences of advanced tooth wear resultant from parafunction, excessive masticatory forces, imbalanced occlusal contacts, and hyperactive masticatory muscles. This chapter also outlines preventative strategies that can predictably reduce the progression of pathologic wear, which employ the T-Scan 8/BioEMG synchronization module. These two objective companion technologies assess the occlusion before, during, and after dental treatment, as well as predictably control the long-term stability of newly installed fixed, implant-supported, or removable prostheses. Their synchronization correlates muscle activity level information directly to occlusal contact force and time-sequencing information, which when applied together in the wear patient can be instrumental in tempering and eliminating pathologic occlusal wear.

Long-term adjustment in cancer survivors: Integration of classical-conditioning and cognitive-processing models.

2001 ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Redd ◽  
Katherine N. DuHamel ◽  
Suzanne M. Johnson Vickberg ◽  
Jamie L. Ostroff ◽  
Meredith Y. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cognitive Processing

scholarly journals Effects of long-term cocaine self-administration on brain resting-state functional connectivity in nonhuman primates

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Kohut ◽  
Dionyssios Mintzopoulos ◽  
Brian D. Kangas ◽  
Hannah Shields ◽  
Kelly Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Chronic Cocaine

AbstractLong-term cocaine use is associated with a variety of neural and behavioral deficits that impact daily function. This study was conducted to examine the effects of chronic cocaine self-administration on resting-state functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and putamen—two brain regions involved in cognitive function and motoric behavior—identified in a whole brain analysis. Six adult male squirrel monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/inj) over 140 sessions. Six additional monkeys that had not received any drug treatment for ~1.5 years served as drug-free controls. Resting-state fMRI imaging sessions at 9.4 Tesla were conducted under isoflurane anesthesia. Functional connectivity maps were derived using seed regions placed in the left dACC or putamen. Results show that cocaine maintained robust self-administration with an average total intake of 367 mg/kg (range: 299–424 mg/kg). In the cocaine group, functional connectivity between the dACC seed and regions primarily involved in motoric behavior was weaker, whereas connectivity between the dACC seed and areas implicated in reward and cognitive processing was stronger. In the putamen seed, weaker widespread connectivity was found between the putamen and other motor regions as well as with prefrontal areas that regulate higher-order executive function; stronger connectivity was found with reward-related regions. dACC connectivity was associated with total cocaine intake. These data indicate that functional connectivity between regions involved in motor, reward, and cognitive processing differed between subjects with recent histories of cocaine self-administration and controls; in dACC, connectivity appears to be related to cumulative cocaine dosage during chronic exposure.

Cognitive Intelligence

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Bernard Widrow ◽  
Lotfi A. Zadeh ◽  
Newton Howard ◽  
Sally Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Computational Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Cognitive Intelligence ◽  
Basic Studies ◽  
Deep Reasoning ◽  
Intelligence Theories ◽  
The Brain

The theme of IEEE ICCI*CC'16 on Cognitive Informatics (CI) and Cognitive Computing (CC) was on cognitive computers, big data cognition, and machine learning. CI and CC are a contemporary field not only for basic studies on the brain, computational intelligence theories, and denotational mathematics, but also for engineering applications in cognitive systems towards deep learning, deep thinking, and deep reasoning. This paper reports a set of position statements presented in the plenary panel (Part I) in IEEE ICCI*CC'16 at Stanford University. The summary is contributed by invited panelists who are part of the world's renowned scholars in the transdisciplinary field of CI and CC.

scholarly journals Persistent, Ecotoxic and Bioaccumulative Compounds and their Possible Environmental Effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1771-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ballschmiter
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Major Class ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pollutant Transfer ◽  
Environmental Compartments

The relationship between physicochemical properties, environmental distribution and effects of organochlorine compounds as a major class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are discussed. The environmental fate of a compound includes its transport and dispersion in the environment as well as its accumulation and transformation in defined environmental compartments. Accumulation and transformation as the result of environmental distribution may have long-term consequences; this is indicated by the ultimate accumulation and long-term bioactivity of several widely spread organochlorines, and is clearly evident in the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere.Depending on the order of trophic levelsbiomagnifiaction factors of 10,000 up to 100,000 are encountered for persistentsemivolatile organochlorines such as 4,4'-DDE, PCB congeners or some Toxapheneconstituents. Mammals show intra-species pollutant transfer during thelactation period. While the mother animal is partly depleting its bodyburden, the calve accumulates in a critical period of its life via themilk a concentrated input of persistent organochlorines. A similar depletionphenomenon is also found for fish and crustacean which enrich in the eggsa substantial part of the accumulated body burden of the female.The air skimming of semivolatiles by plantsurfaces leads to surprisingly high levels of pollutants in the uppersoil layers of forests that otherwise would be considered pristine interms of human activities.

Southern Africa: A Cataclysm Averted?

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Ross K. Baker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
World Power ◽  
External Relations ◽  
The Republic

In a time when idiocies such as the domino theory comprise a substantial part of American foreign policy one has to look hard for evidence that authentic national interest is anywhere being invoked as a rationale for external relations. That the Republic of South Africa seems to be a world power demonstrating innovation in diplomacy and putting shibboleths in their rightful place says something about the genera] bankruptcy of Western statecraft. While Ford and Kissinger flail about seeking justifications for American failures and misalliances, a moldy, outcast regime in Pretoria has embarked upon a path of diplomatic initiative which has effectively breached the wall of isolation that has surrounded it for two decades. The motives of the regime of John Vorster may be sinister and base, but there appears to be a far more sophisticated perception of long-term interests in Pretoria than in Washington.

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