Towards the Affective Cognition Approach to Human Performance in Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-534
Author(s):  
Nicola Mammarella
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Interesting Pattern

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, there has been investigation into the effects of microgravity and microgravity-like environments on cognition and emotion separately. Here we highlight the need of focusing on emotion-cognition interactions as a framework for explaining cognitive performance in space. In particular, by referring to the affective cognition hypothesis, the significant interplay between emotional variables and cognitive processing in space is briefly analyzed. Altogether, this approach shows an interesting pattern of data pointing to a dynamic relation that may be sensitive to microgravity. The importance of examining interactions between emotion and cognition for space performance remains fundamental (e.g., stress-related disorders) and deserves further attention. This approach is ultimately interesting considering the potential effects that microgravity may play on human performance during long-term space missions and on return to Earth.Mammarella N. Towards the affective cognition approach to human performance in space. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):532–534.

scholarly journals Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, Lung Function and Cognitive Performance: A Prospective Dutch Cohort Study on the Underlying Routes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Aretz ◽  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Judith M. Vonk ◽  
Michael T. Heneka ◽  
H. Marike Boezen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Fine Particulate

ABSTRACTBackgroundExposure to fine particulate matter and black carbon is related to cognitive impairment and poor lung function, but less is known about the routes taken by different types of air pollutants to affect cognition.ObjectivesWe tested two possible routes of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) in impairing cognition, and evaluated their importance: a direct route over the olfactory nerve or the blood stream, and an indirect route over the lung.MethodsWe used longitudinal observational data for 31232 people aged 18+ from 2006 to 2015 from the Dutch Lifelines cohort study. By linking current and past home addresses to air pollution exposure data from ELAPSE, long-term average exposure (≥ ten years) to PM2.5 and BC was calculated. Lung function was assessed by spirometry and Global Initiative (GLI) z-scores of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were calculated. Cognitive performance was measured by cognitive processing time (CPT) assessed by the Cogstate Brief Battery. Linear structural equation modeling was performed to test the direct/indirect associations.ResultsHigher exposure to PM2.5 but not BC was directly related to higher CPT and thus slower cognitive processing speed [18.33 (×10−3) SD above the mean (95% CI: 6.84, 29.81)]. The direct association of PM2.5 constituted more than 97% of the total effect. Mediation by lung function was low for PM2.5 with a mediated proportion of 1.78% (FEV1) and 2.62% (FVC), but higher for BC (28.49% and 46.22% respectively).DiscussionOur results emphasize the importance of the lung acting as a mediator in the relationship between both exposure to PM2.5 and BC, and cognitive performance. However, higher exposure to PM2.5 was mainly directly associated with worse cognitive performance, which emphasizes the health-relevance of fine particles due to their ability to reach vital organs directly.

Cognitive Performance Assessment for Stress and Endurance

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 925-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Cognitive Readiness ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Stressful Environments ◽  
Field Setting

The U. S. Army Research Laboratory's stress research and cognitive readiness program focuses on developing methods that reliably measure stress and assess the effects of stress on performance and cognitive processing. The evaluation of changes in cognitive processing related to individual stress levels enhances the effectiveness of this area of research. This paper describes a Cognitive Performance Assessment for Stress and Endurance (CPASE), a battery of tests representing a range of skills that are sensitive indicators of human performance in stressful environments: memory recall, logical reasoning, working memory, and spatial manipulation. These tasks were selected through a literature search for functions that are sensitive to the effects of stress and could be generalized to higher level cognitive functioning. The focus was to develop a non intrusive battery that was amenable to testing a large group of participants in a field setting in a short amount of time. This battery has been successfully used to evaluate soldier performance during sleep deprivation (Fatkin, Knapik, Patton, Mullins, Treadwell, & Swann, 2000) and in the evaluation of military equipment (Glumm, Branscome, Patton, Mullins, & Burton, 1999).

Individual differences in white and grey matter structure associated with verbal habits of thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Hayes ◽  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Rachel Pizzie ◽  
Joshua S. Cetron ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
White Matter Tracts

Modality specific encoding habits account for a significant portion of individual differences reflected in functional activation during cognitive processing. Yet, little is known about how these habits of thought influence long-term structural changes in the brain. Traditionally, habits of thought have been assessed using self-report questionnaires such as the visualizer-verbalizer questionnaire. Here, rather than relying on subjective reports, we measured habits of thought using a novel behavioral task assessing attentional biases toward picture and word stimuli. Hypothesizing that verbal habits of thought are reflected in the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical regions of interest, we used diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses to assess this prediction. Using a whole-brain approach, we show that word bias is associated with increased volume in several bilateral language regions, in both white and grey matter parcels. Additionally, connectivity within white matter tracts within an a priori speech production network increased as a function of word bias. These results demonstrate long-term structural and morphological differences associated with verbal habits of thought.

CHANGES IN BLOOD PROTEOME OF COSMONAUTS WITH MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR INJURIES DUE TO G-LOADS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
L.Kh. Pastushkova ◽  
◽  
K.S. Kireev ◽  
I.M. Larina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Blood Rheology ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Integrated Response

The integrated response of the human proteome to re-entry g-loads following long-term space missions was studied in 13 male cosmonauts at the age of 44 ± 6 years. Examination at the landing site discovered local petechial hemorrhages into soft tissues of the back and lower legs. The paper presents a new approach to evaluation of petechia and soft tissue hemorrhages in cosmonauts on return to Earth. Proteomic analysis was performed with the use of LC-MS. Bioinformation analysis was made using Perseus, PubMed, Uniprot and ANDSystem software. Nine out of 19 significantly different (p < 0.05) proteins were related to vascular injuries directly. We described proteins with a primarily protecting effect against endothelial cells apoptosis and augmentation of vascular permeability, proteins that are responsible for blood rheology and proteins antagonistic to the main triggers of ischeamia-reperfusion injuries of the lungs, liver and other parenchymal organs.

scholarly journals Using supraglottic airways by paramedics for airway management in analogue microgravity increases speed and success of ventilation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Hinkelbein ◽  
Anton Ahlbäck ◽  
Christine Antwerber ◽  
Lisa Dauth ◽  
James DuCanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Laryngeal Tube ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Airway Device ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Secondary Endpoints ◽  
Present Trial

AbstractIn the next few years, the number of long-term space missions will significantly increase. Providing safe concepts for emergencies including airway management will be a highly challenging task. The aim of the present trial is to compare different airway management devices in simulated microgravity using a free-floating underwater scenario. Five different devices for airway management [laryngeal mask (LM), laryngeal tube (LT), I-GEL, direct laryngoscopy (DL), and video laryngoscopy (VL)] were compared by n = 20 paramedics holding a diving certificate in a randomized cross-over setting both under free-floating conditions in a submerged setting (pool, microgravity) and on ground (normogravity). The primary endpoint was the successful placement of the airway device. The secondary endpoints were the number of attempts and the time to ventilation. A total of 20 paramedics (3 female, 17 male) participated in this study. Success rate was highest for LM and LT and was 100% both during simulated microgravity and normogravity followed by the I-GEL (90% during microgravity and 95% during normogravity). However, the success rate was less for both DL (60% vs. 95%) and VL (20% vs. 60%). Fastest ventilation was performed with the LT both in normogravity (13.7 ± 5.3 s; n = 20) and microgravity (19.5 ± 6.1 s; n = 20). For the comparison of normogravity and microgravity, time to ventilation was shorter for all devices on the ground (normogravity) as compared underwater (microgravity). In the present study, airway management with supraglottic airways and laryngoscopy was shown to be feasible. Concerning the success rate and time to ventilation, the optimum were supraglottic airways (LT, LM, I-GEL) as their placement was faster and associated with a higher success rate. For future space missions, the use of supraglottic airways for airway management seems to be more promising as compared to tracheal intubation by DL or VL.

Integrated energy and media supply concepts for long-term space missions

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 473-481
Author(s):  
W. Schwarzott ◽  
G. Reich ◽  
W.-J. Denner
Keyword(s):  
Space Missions

High Fat Diet Mediates Amyloid-β Cleaving Enzyme 1 Phosphorylation and SUMOylation, Enhancing Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jian Bao ◽  
Zheng Liang ◽  
Xiaokang Gong ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
Yifan Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Augmented Learning ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults and extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the two characterized pathologies of AD. Obesity is significantly associated with AD developing factors. Several studies have reported that high fat diet (HFD) influenced Aβ accumulation and cognitive performance during AD pathology. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of HFD influenced Aβ accumulation and cognitive performance during AD pathology. Methods: 2.5-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were randomly separated into two groups: 1) the normal diet (ND) group, fed a standard diet (10 kcal%fat); and 2) the HFD group, fed a high fat diet (40 kcal%fat, D12492; Research Diets). After 4 months of HFD or ND feeding, mice in the two groups were subjected for further ethological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. Results: A long-term HFD diet significantly increased perirenal fat and impaired dendritic integrity and aggravated neurodegeneration, and augmented learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, the HFD increased beta amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) dephosphorylation and SUMOylation, resulting in enhanced enzyme activity and stability, which exacerbated the deposition of amyloid plaques. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that long-term HFD consumption aggravates amyloid-β accumulation and cognitive impairments, and that modifiable lifestyle factors, such as obesity, can induce BACE1 post-modifications which may contribute to AD pathogenesis.

Delirium, depression, and long-term cognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Andrews ◽  
Jennifer Thompson ◽  
Rameela Raman ◽  
Chelsea Rick ◽  
Amy Kiehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Neuropsychological Status ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
History Of ◽  
Surgical Icu ◽  
Depression History ◽  
History Of Depression

ABSTRACT Objectives: We examined whether preadmission history of depression is associated with less delirium/coma-free (DCF) days, worse 1-year depression severity and cognitive impairment. Design and measurements: A health proxy reported history of depression. Separate models examined the effect of preadmission history of depression on: (a) intensive care unit (ICU) course, measured as DCF days; (b) depression symptom severity at 3 and 12 months, measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II); and (c) cognitive performance at 3 and 12 months, measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) global score. Setting and participants: Patients admitted to the medical/surgical ICU services were eligible. Results: Of 821 subjects eligible at enrollment, 261 (33%) had preadmission history of depression. After adjusting for covariates, preadmission history of depression was not associated with less DCF days (OR 0.78, 95% CI, 0.59–1.03 p = 0.077). A prior history of depression was associated with higher BDI-II scores at 3 and 12 months (3 months OR 2.15, 95% CI, 1.42–3.24 p = <0.001; 12 months OR 1.89, 95% CI, 1.24–2.87 p = 0.003). We did not observe an association between preadmission history of depression and cognitive performance at either 3 or 12 months (3 months beta coefficient −0.04, 95% CI, −2.70–2.62 p = 0.97; 12 months 1.5, 95% CI, −1.26–4.26 p = 0.28). Conclusion: Patients with a depression history prior to ICU stay exhibit a greater severity of depressive symptoms in the year after hospitalization.

Long‐term adiposity is associated with poorer cognitive performance in middle‐aged adults at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (S10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca West ◽  
Ramit Ravona‐Springer ◽  
Inbal Sharvit‐Ginon ◽  
Sapir Golan ◽  
Anthony Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Aged Adults
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