scholarly journals The many faces of research on face perception

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1571) ◽  
pp. 1634-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Little ◽  
Benedict C. Jones ◽  
Lisa M. DeBruine
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cell Recording ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Face perception is fundamental to human social interaction. Many different types of important information are visible in faces and the processes and mechanisms involved in extracting this information are complex and can be highly specialized. The importance of faces has long been recognized by a wide range of scientists. Importantly, the range of perspectives and techniques that this breadth has brought to face perception research has, in recent years, led to many important advances in our understanding of face processing. The articles in this issue on face perception each review a particular arena of interest in face perception, variously focusing on (i) the social aspects of face perception (attraction, recognition and emotion), (ii) the neural mechanisms underlying face perception (using brain scanning, patient data, direct stimulation of the brain, visual adaptation and single-cell recording), and (iii) comparative aspects of face perception (comparing adult human abilities with those of chimpanzees and children). Here, we introduce the central themes of the issue and present an overview of the articles.

Big Data Ethics and Politics: Toward New Understandings

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhong Chen ◽  
Anabel Quan-Haase
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Data Ethics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Privacy Breaches ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ethics And Politics

The hype around big data does not seem to abate nor do the scandals. Privacy breaches in the collection, use, and sharing of big data have affected all the major tech players, be it Facebook, Google, Apple, or Uber, and go beyond the corporate world including governments, municipalities, and educational and health institutions. What has come to light is that enabled by the rapid growth of social media and mobile apps, various stakeholders collect and use large amounts of data, disregarding the ethics and politics. As big data touch on many realms of daily life and have profound impacts in the social world, the scrutiny around big data practice becomes increasingly relevant. This special issue investigates the ethics and politics of big data using a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches. Together, the articles provide new understandings of the many dimensions of big data ethics and politics, showing it is important to understand and increase awareness of the biases and limitations inherent in big data analysis and practices.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Insights in NeuroD Potentiation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa van Weert ◽  
Jacobus Buurstede ◽  
Hetty Sips ◽  
Isabel Mol ◽  
Tanvi Puri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated signaling in the brain has been suggested as a protective factor in the development of psychopathology, in particular mood disorders. We recently identified genomic loci at which either MR or the closely related glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds selectively, and found members of the NeuroD transcription factor family to be specifically associated with MR-bound DNA in the rat hippocampus. We show here using forebrain-specific MR knockout mice that GR binding to MR/GR joint target loci is not affected in any major way in the absence of MR. Neurod2 binding was also independent of MR binding. Moreover, functional comparison with MyoD family members indicates that it is the chromatin remodeling aspect of NeuroD, rather than its direct stimulation of transcription, that is responsible for potentiation of MR-mediated transcription. These findings suggest that NeuroD acts in a permissive way to enhance MR-mediated transcription, and they argue against competition for DNA binding as a mechanism of MR- over GR-specific binding.

scholarly journals Assessing visual requirements for social context-dependent activation of the songbird song system

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erina Hara ◽  
Lubica Kubikova ◽  
Neal A Hessler ◽  
Erich D Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Related Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Social context has been shown to have a profound influence on brain activation in a wide range of vertebrate species. Best studied in songbirds, when males sing undirected song, the level of neural activity and expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in several song nuclei is dramatically higher or lower than when they sing directed song to other birds, particularly females. This differential social context-dependent activation is independent of auditory input and is not simply dependent on the motor act of singing. These findings suggested that the critical sensory modality driving social context-dependent differences in the brain could be visual cues. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining IEG activation in song nuclei in hemispheres to which visual input was normal or blocked. We found that covering one eye blocked visually induced IEG expression throughout both contralateral visual pathways of the brain, and reduced activation of the contralateral ventral tegmental area, a non-visual midbrain motivation-related area affected by social context. However, blocking visual input had no effect on the social context-dependent activation of the contralateral song nuclei during female-directed singing. Our findings suggest that individual sensory modalities are not direct driving forces for the social context differences in song nuclei during singing. Rather, these social context differences in brain activation appear to depend more on the general sense that another individual is present.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations associated with COVID- 19: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Yasmim Berni Ferreira ◽  
Flávia Maria Ramos Freire ◽  
Victor Oliveira Araújo ◽  
Isadora Mônica Ponte De Oliveira ◽  
Lara Maria de Oliveira Paiva Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Brain

The knowledge of the spinal cord irrigation is important for the therapeutic planning "COVID-19" is a potentially serious, highly transmissible infectious disease that was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 can evolve asymptomatically, with respiratory symptoms or with systemic manifestations affecting, for example, the nervous system. This review aims to discuss the neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, citing the prevalence of each. This study analyzed scientific articles published from 2010 to 2021 in the PubMed database. More than 35% of patients who contract the novel coronavirus develop neurological symptoms. SARS-CoV enters the brain mainly through the olfactory bulb and spreads rapidly via transneuronal route to other related areas such as cerebellum, insula, encephalon, vessels and nerves, and the brain parenchyma itself. This causes manifestations in the CNS (dizziness and ataxias), PNS (anosmia and ageusia), and the musculoskeletal system. Given existing knowledge of other coronaviruses and respiratory viruses, the wide range of CNS and PNS associations with COVID-19 is not surprising, and this is the focus of most current reports. Neurological complications, particularly encephalitis and stroke, can cause lifelong disability, requiring long-term care and substantial costs in the social and economic sphere.

scholarly journals TARI SEBAGAI GEJALA KEBUDAYAAN: STUDI TENTANG EKSISTENSI TARI RAKYAT DI BOYOLALI

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhlas Alkaf
Keyword(s):  
Folk Dance ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
Important Form

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskusikan tari sebagai kebudayaan. Keberadaan tari merupakan gejala yang sangat umum ditemukan dalam berbagai komunitas masyarakat. Keberadaan berbagai ragam tari pada berbagai lapisan masyarakat, sesungguhnya merupakan suatu bentuk penting kebudayaan sekaligus sosial yang menarik diteliti. Penelitian ini dilakukan  sebagi upaya memperoleh penjelasan  lebih jauh mengenai tari berdasar berbagai studi pustaka serta pengalaman penelitian dengan menggunakan data kualitatif melalui metode partisipasi observasi  terhadap keberadaan beberapa tari rakyat yang ada di Kecamatan Selo, Kabupaten Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eksistensi tari, termasuk wujud teks tari ternyata senantiasa bersentuhan dengan dimensi-dimensi sosial, budaya, ekonomi, bahkan politik yang ada di sekitarnya. The objective of this study is to gain an understanding of a cultural phenomenon called dance. Until now, dance is one of the many artistic expressions, which attracted the attention of researchers, especially the social and cultural researchers. The existence of many forms of dance is a  common in many levels of communities. The existence of a wide range of dance at various levels of society indicate that dance is an important ”form of culture”. This research was carried out as efforts to obtain more detail about folk dance as culture and the research was done on the existence of folk dances that exist in the District Selo, Boyolali, Central Java. The research reveals that the existence of dance never stands alone, it always and constantly intesects with  its surrounding social, cultural, economic, and political events.

scholarly journals Sonogenetic stimulation of the brain at a spatiotemporal resolution suitable for vision restoration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Cadoni ◽  
Charlie Demene ◽  
Matthieu Provansal ◽  
Diep Nguyen ◽  
Dasha Nelidova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Brain Machine Interfaces ◽  
Ultrasound Stimulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Remote, precisely controlled activation of the brain is a fundamental challenge in the development of brain machine interfaces providing feasible rehabilitation strategies for neurological disorders. Low-frequency ultrasound stimulation can be used to modulate neuronal activity deep in the brain, but this approach lacks spatial resolution and cellular selectivity and loads the brain with high levels of acoustic energy. The combination of the expression of ultrasound-sensitive proteins with ultrasound stimulation (sonogenetic stimulation) can provide cellular selectivity and higher sensitivity, but such strategies have been subject to severe limitations in terms of spatiotemporal resolution in vivo, precluding their use for real-life applications. We used the expression of large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscL) with high-frequency ultrasonic stimulation for a duration of milliseconds to activate neurons selectively at a relatively high spatiotemporal resolution in the rat retina ex vivo and the primary visual cortex of rodents in vivo. This spatiotemporal resolution was achieved at low energy levels associated with negligible tissue heating and far below those leading to complications in ultrasound neuromodulation. We showed, in an associative learning test, that sonogenetic stimulation of the visual cortex generated light perception. Our findings demonstrate that sonogenetic stimulation is compatible with millisecond pattern presentation for visual restoration at the cortical level. They represent a step towards the precise transfer of information over large distances to the cortical and subcortical regions of the brain via an approach less invasive than that associated with current brain machine interfaces and with a wide range of applications in neurological disorders.

Parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in rat submandibular gland

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. R677-R683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Mizuta ◽  
Keishiro Karita ◽  
Hiroshi Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Lingual Nerve ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Blood Flow Increase ◽  
Rat Submandibular Gland ◽  
Stimulation Of

The present study was designed to investigate 1) whether parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation occurs in the submandibular gland (SMG) in deeply urethan-anesthetized, cervically vagotomized, and sympathectomized rats when the central cut end of the lingual nerve (LN) is electrically stimulated and 2) to what extent the neural mechanisms underlying such responses are the same as those involved in the response to direct stimulation of the chorda-LN (CLN). Stimulation of each nerve separately elicited a marked blood flow increase in SMG. Section of the chorda tympani abolished the SMG blood flow response but had no effect on the lip blood flow increase evoked by LN stimulation. Section of the CLN abolished the SMG blood flow increases evoked by stimulation of either nerve. The SMG blood flow increases (regardless of whether they were evoked by LN or CLN stimulation) were markedly reduced by the autonomic cholinergic ganglion blocker hexamethonium. The present study demonstrates that a parasympathetic reflex vasodilator mechanism is present in the rat SMG and that it can express its effects under deep general anesthesia.

scholarly journals Neuroscience and the Social Origins of Moral Behavior: How Neural Underpinnings of Social Categorization and Conformity Affect Everyday Moral and Immoral Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-520
Author(s):  
Naomi Ellemers ◽  
Félice van Nunspeet
Keyword(s):  
Moral Behavior ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Immoral Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Process Feedback ◽  
The Brain

Neuroscientific evidence identifies the brain networks and cognitive processes involved in people’s thoughts and feelings about their behavior. This helps individuals understand the judgments and decisions they make with regard to their own and others’ moral and immoral behavior. This article complements prior reviews by focusing on the social origins of everyday moral and immoral behavior and reviewing neuroscientific research findings related to social conformity, categorization, and identification to demonstrate (a) when people are motivated by social norms of others to follow particular moral guidelines, (b) what prevents people from considering the moral implications of their actions for others, and (c) how people process feedback they receive from others about the appropriateness of their behavior. Revealing the neural mechanisms involved in the social processes that influence the moral and immoral behaviors people display helps researchers understand why and when different types of interventions aiming to regulate moral behavior are likely to be successful or unsuccessful.

The Dynamics of the Social Worker-Client Relationship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Social Work Students ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
Social Service Agencies ◽  
Field Placements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

While the effectiveness of direct social work practice always requires one’s competence in providing a variety of intervention modalities, outcomes are also dependent on the social worker’s ability to develop and maintain constructive relationships with clients. This book describes in depth the many ways that such relationships can be developed with clients who display a wide range of presenting problems in many types of social service agencies. Each chapter focuses on a particular challenge that social workers may encounter in that process, including the benefits and limitations of theory selection, boundaries, the use of self, the working alliance, relationship ruptures, special issues presented by children and adolescents, terminations and transfers, clients about whom a social worker experiences highly positive or negative feelings, the uses of touch and humor, working with psychotic clients, and the uses of technology. The book is filled with case studies written by students to illustrate how relationships can be formed and challenges can be resolved. The book is targeted to social work students in their field placements, although it can also be useful for practicing professionals.

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