scholarly journals Correlated pay-offs are key to cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1687) ◽  
pp. 20150084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Taborsky ◽  
Joachim G. Frommen ◽  
Christina Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding

The general belief that cooperation and altruism in social groups result primarily from kin selection has recently been challenged, not least because results from cooperatively breeding insects and vertebrates have shown that groups may be composed mainly of non-relatives. This allows testing predictions of reciprocity theory without the confounding effect of relatedness. Here, we review complementary and alternative evolutionary mechanisms to kin selection theory and provide empirical examples of cooperative behaviour among unrelated individuals in a wide range of taxa. In particular, we focus on the different forms of reciprocity and on their underlying decision rules, asking about evolutionary stability, the conditions selecting for reciprocity and the factors constraining reciprocal cooperation. We find that neither the cognitive requirements of reciprocal cooperation nor the often sequential nature of interactions are insuperable stumbling blocks for the evolution of reciprocity. We argue that simple decision rules such as ‘help anyone if helped by someone’ should get more attention in future research, because empirical studies show that animals apply such rules, and theoretical models find that they can create stable levels of cooperation under a wide range of conditions. Owing to its simplicity, behaviour based on such a heuristic may in fact be ubiquitous. Finally, we argue that the evolution of exchange and trading of service and commodities among social partners needs greater scientific focus.

Emerging Syndromes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Allison ◽  
Jennifer D. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Night Eating Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Night Eating ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Impairment In Functioning ◽  
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Comorbid Psychopathology

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (2013) has designated several disorders under the diagnosis of otherwise specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). This chapter evaluates three of these, night eating syndrome (NES), purging disorder (PD), and atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). It also reviews orthorexia nervosa, which has been discussed in the clinical realm as well as the popular press. The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies examining the disorders’ independence from other disorders, comorbid psychopathology, and, when available, medical comorbidities, are discussed. Distress and impairment in functioning seem comparable between at least three of these emerging disorders and threshold eating disorders. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.

scholarly journals Personality trait differences across types of entrepreneurs: a systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentine U. Salmony ◽  
Dominik K. Kanbach
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Integration

AbstractThe personality traits that define entrepreneurs have been of significant interest to academic research for several decades. However, previous studies have used vastly different definitions of the term “entrepreneur”, meaning their subjects have ranged from rural farmers to tech-industry start-up founders. Consequently, most research has investigated disparate sub-types of entrepreneurs, which may not allow for inferences to be made regarding the general entrepreneurial population. Despite this, studies have frequently extrapolated results from narrow sub-types to entrepreneurs in general. This variation in entrepreneur samples reduces the comparability of empirical studies and calls into question the reviews that pool results without systematic differentiation between sub-types. The present study offers a novel account by differentiating between the definitions of “entrepreneur” used in studies on entrepreneurs’ personality traits. We conduct a systematic literature review across 95 studies from 1985 to 2020. We uncover three main themes across the previous studies. First, previous research applied a wide range of definitions of the term “entrepreneur”. Second, we identify several inconsistent findings across studies, which may at least partially be due to the use of heterogeneous entrepreneur samples. Third, the few studies that distinguished between various types of entrepreneurs revealed differences between them. Our systematic differentiation between entrepreneur sub-types and our research integration offer a novel perspective that has, to date, been widely neglected in academic research. Future research should use clearly defined entrepreneurial samples and conduct more systematic investigations into the differences between entrepreneur sub-types.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Catarina Perpétuo ◽  
Eva Diniz ◽  
Manuela Veríssimo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Present Systematic Review

Sleep is a biological process that impacts nearly every domain of a child’s life. Sleep-wake regulation influences and it is highly influenced by developmental variables related to parent-child relationships, such as attachment. The main goal of the present systematic review is to analyze and integrate the findings of empirical studies investigating the relations between attachment and sleep in preschool age, a period marked by important developmental changes that challenge both attachment system and sleep-wake regulation. A database search was performed using a combination of relevant keywords, leading to the identification of 524 articles, with 19 manuscripts assessed for eligibility; finally, seven studies (2344 children) were included. Overall, the findings were not consistent, with some studies reporting significant associations between attachment security and sleep quality, as well as between attachment insecurity and sleep problems, whereas others did not find significant associations. The results are discussed in light of the available theoretical models and integrated in the context of measurement approaches to attachment and sleep heterogeneity, aiming to guide future research on the topic.

Research on capital structure determinants: a review and future directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Sisira Colombage ◽  
Purnima Rao
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the status of studies on capital structure determinants in the past 40 years. This paper highlights the major gaps in the literature on determinants of capital structure and also aims to raise specific questions for future research. Design/methodology/approach The prominence of research is assessed by studying the year of publication and region, level of economic development, firm size, data collection methods, data analysis techniques and theoretical models of capital structure from the selected papers. The review is based on 167 papers published from 1972 to 2013 in various peer-reviewed journals. The relationship of determinants of capital structure is analyzed with the help of meta-analysis. Findings Major findings show an increase of interest in research on determinants of capital structure of the firms located in emerging markets. However, it is observed that these regions are still under-examined which provides more scope for research both empirical and survey-based studies. Majority of research studies are conducted on large-sized firms by using secondary data and regression-based models for the analysis, whereas studies on small-sized firms are very meager. As majority of the research papers are written only at the organizational level, the impact of leverage on various industries is yet to be examined. The review highlights the major determinants of capital structure and their relationship with leverage. It also reveals the dominance of pecking order theory in explaining capital structure of firms theoretically as well as statistically. Originality/value The paper covers a considerable period of time (1972-2013). Among very few review papers on capital structure research, to the best of authors’ knowledge; this is the first review to identify what is missing in the literature on the determinants of capital structure while offering recommendations for future studies. It also synthesize the findings of empirical studies on determinants of capital structure statistically.

A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Research on Various Autofrettage Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Shufen ◽  
Uday S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spherical Vessel ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses ◽  
Spherical Pressure

Autofrettage is a metal forming technique widely incorporated for strengthening the thick-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels. The technique is based on the principle of initially subjecting the cylindrical or spherical vessel to partial plastic deformation and then unloading it; as a result of which compressive residual stresses are set up. On the basis of the type of the forming load, autofrettage can be classified into hydraulic, swage, explosive, thermal, and rotational. Considerable research studies have been carried out on autofrettage with a variety of theoretical models and experimental methods. This paper presents an extensive review of various types of autofrettage processes. A wide range of theoretical models and experimental studies are described. Optimization of an autofrettage process is also discussed. Based on the review, some challenging issues and key areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Sperm morphology and sperm velocity in passerine birds

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1659) ◽  
pp. 1175-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Lüpold ◽  
Sara Calhim ◽  
Simone Immler ◽  
Tim R Birkhead
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Morphology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Sperm Velocity ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Determinants

Sperm velocity is one of the main determinants of the outcome of sperm competition. Since sperm vary considerably in their morphology between and within species, it seems likely that sperm morphology is associated with sperm velocity. Theory predicts that sperm velocity may be increased by enlarged midpiece (energetic component) or flagellum length (kinetic component), or by particular ratios between sperm components, such as between flagellum length and head size. However, such associations have rarely been found in empirical studies. In a comparative framework in passerine birds, we tested these theoretical predictions both across a wide range of species and within a single family, the New World blackbirds (Icteridae). In both study groups, sperm velocity was influenced by sperm morphology in the predicted direction. Consistent with theoretical models, these results show that selection on sperm morphology and velocity are likely to be concomitant evolutionary forces.

Proposed Syndromes and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V

2010 ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Allison ◽  
Jennifer D. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Night Eating Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Night Eating ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Dsm Iv

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000) is currently being revised and new disorders are being considered for inclusion in DSM-V. In this chapter, we evaluate three proposed eating disorders for the DSM-V: binge eating disorder (BED), night eating syndrome (NES), and purging disorder (PD). The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies of all three disorders show their independence from other disorders, although comorbid psychopathology is common. Psychological distress is also high, but evidence for negative impact on physical health is less pronounced. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.

scholarly journals Determinantes de competitividad turística en destinos de sol y playa mexicanos

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (68) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mario Amaya Molinar ◽  
Ana Pricila Sosa Ferreira ◽  
Pedro Moncada Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resident Population ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Convenience Sampling

Resumen: el estudio se orienta a determinar si los agentes de riesgo, como la población residente y los visitantes, pueden percibir los factores de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos. Para lograr dicho objetivo se revisó el estado del arte de la literatura académica sobre el tema, se identificaron los modelos teóricos más reconocidos y las variables e indicadores utilizados con más frecuencia. El estudio empírico, realizado en dos destinos mexicanos de sol y playa, sugiere que los agentes de riesgo pueden percibir algunos de esos factores. Y aunque sólo se empleó un muestreo de conveniencia, en investigaciones futuras se podría utilizar uno probabilístico. Este trabajo contribuye a profundizar en la comprensión de los factores que determinan la competitividad de los destinos turísticos, y trasciende el empleo de índices nacionales abstractos o estudios descriptivos.Palabras clave: competitividad turística; desarrollo sostenible; estudios empíricos; turistas; bienestar en destinos.Determinants of tourist competitiveness in Mexican sun and beach destinationsAbstract: this study is aimed at determining whether the agents of risk, such as the resident population and the visitors, can perceive the competitiveness factors of tourist destinations. In order to achieve this goal the state of the art of the academic literature on the subject was reviewed. Likewise, the most recognized theoretical models and the most frequently used variables and indicators were identified. This empirical study, carried out in two Mexican sun and beach destinations, suggest that the agents of risk can perceive some of those factors. And although a convenience sampling was used now, a probabilistic one could be used in future research. This study contributes to deepening our understanding of the factors that determine tourist destinations’ competitiveness; it goes beyond the use of national abstract indexes or descriptive research.Key words: tourist competitiveness; sustainable development; empirical studies; tourists; well-being at destinations.

Why Do Good People Do Bad Things in Business?

2015 ◽  
pp. 1348-1370
Author(s):  
Harvey S. James Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Unethical Conduct ◽  
Good People ◽  
Simple Language

Promoting ethical behavior in business requires an understanding of why and when seemingly good people do unethical things. Research on this issue consists of theoretical models of moral decision-making and empirical studies of ethical sensitivity, attitudes, and behaviors of people in various contexts. These studies reveal that explanations of unethical conduct include considerations of a person's psychological disposition as well as the circumstances in which they live. They also identify general principles that explain why individuals might engage in unethical conduct. This chapter reviews studies conducted over the past 50 years and articulates lessons that can help business managers improve the ethical climate of business and ethical behavior of employees. While it does not break new ground, this discussion is important because it synthesizes scholarship in simple language accessible to both scholars and business professionals. This chapter also identifies directions for future research that can enhance and supplement these lessons.

CALL research: Where are we now?

ReCALL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Computer Assisted Language Learning ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Small Cohort

AbstractThis article considers the current position of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) research by producing an integrative synthetic overview of all the articles published in three leading international CALL journals: ReCALL (in its 31st year of publication), the CALICO Journal (its 36th) and Computer Assisted Language Learning journal (its 32nd) over a sustained recent period: 2006–2016. They are judged sufficiently representative to enable broad trends to be detected and the sector’s strengths and weaknesses to be identified. The focus is on CALL research’s international reach, the range of topics researched and the nature of the studies themselves. The findings suggest that CALL research is growing internationally in the number of countries and researchers involved. A wide range of topics is researched, but there is a concentration of papers published on a cluster of popular areas. Consequently, fewer articles are published on a large number of CALL topics or, in some cases, rarely studied. The research methods employed are rigorous: in writing, structure, theory, literature awareness, and discussion and presentation of results, yet there are still weaknesses. Most empirical studies are small scale: based on one institution, a small cohort of students, over a short period of time and seldom followed up. Based on these findings, suggestions are made with a view to broadening and strengthening CALL research through targeting neglected strategic areas with special journal issues and conferences, and improving the quality of research projects. Key areas for future research are proposed.

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