Why Do Good People Do Bad Things in Business?

2015 ◽  
pp. 1348-1370
Author(s):  
Harvey S. James Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Unethical Conduct ◽  
Good People ◽  
Simple Language

Promoting ethical behavior in business requires an understanding of why and when seemingly good people do unethical things. Research on this issue consists of theoretical models of moral decision-making and empirical studies of ethical sensitivity, attitudes, and behaviors of people in various contexts. These studies reveal that explanations of unethical conduct include considerations of a person's psychological disposition as well as the circumstances in which they live. They also identify general principles that explain why individuals might engage in unethical conduct. This chapter reviews studies conducted over the past 50 years and articulates lessons that can help business managers improve the ethical climate of business and ethical behavior of employees. While it does not break new ground, this discussion is important because it synthesizes scholarship in simple language accessible to both scholars and business professionals. This chapter also identifies directions for future research that can enhance and supplement these lessons.

Why Do Good People Do Bad Things in Business?

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Harvey S. James Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Unethical Conduct ◽  
Good People ◽  
Simple Language

Promoting ethical behavior in business requires an understanding of why and when seemingly good people do unethical things. Research on this issue consists of theoretical models of moral decision-making and empirical studies of ethical sensitivity, attitudes, and behaviors of people in various contexts. These studies reveal that explanations of unethical conduct include considerations of a person's psychological disposition as well as the circumstances in which they live. They also identify general principles that explain why individuals might engage in unethical conduct. This chapter reviews studies conducted over the past 50 years and articulates lessons that can help business managers improve the ethical climate of business and ethical behavior of employees. While it does not break new ground, this discussion is important because it synthesizes scholarship in simple language accessible to both scholars and business professionals. This chapter also identifies directions for future research that can enhance and supplement these lessons.

Emerging Syndromes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Allison ◽  
Jennifer D. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Night Eating Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Night Eating ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Impairment In Functioning ◽  
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Comorbid Psychopathology

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (2013) has designated several disorders under the diagnosis of otherwise specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). This chapter evaluates three of these, night eating syndrome (NES), purging disorder (PD), and atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). It also reviews orthorexia nervosa, which has been discussed in the clinical realm as well as the popular press. The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies examining the disorders’ independence from other disorders, comorbid psychopathology, and, when available, medical comorbidities, are discussed. Distress and impairment in functioning seem comparable between at least three of these emerging disorders and threshold eating disorders. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Catarina Perpétuo ◽  
Eva Diniz ◽  
Manuela Veríssimo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Present Systematic Review

Sleep is a biological process that impacts nearly every domain of a child’s life. Sleep-wake regulation influences and it is highly influenced by developmental variables related to parent-child relationships, such as attachment. The main goal of the present systematic review is to analyze and integrate the findings of empirical studies investigating the relations between attachment and sleep in preschool age, a period marked by important developmental changes that challenge both attachment system and sleep-wake regulation. A database search was performed using a combination of relevant keywords, leading to the identification of 524 articles, with 19 manuscripts assessed for eligibility; finally, seven studies (2344 children) were included. Overall, the findings were not consistent, with some studies reporting significant associations between attachment security and sleep quality, as well as between attachment insecurity and sleep problems, whereas others did not find significant associations. The results are discussed in light of the available theoretical models and integrated in the context of measurement approaches to attachment and sleep heterogeneity, aiming to guide future research on the topic.

Research on capital structure determinants: a review and future directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Sisira Colombage ◽  
Purnima Rao
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the status of studies on capital structure determinants in the past 40 years. This paper highlights the major gaps in the literature on determinants of capital structure and also aims to raise specific questions for future research. Design/methodology/approach The prominence of research is assessed by studying the year of publication and region, level of economic development, firm size, data collection methods, data analysis techniques and theoretical models of capital structure from the selected papers. The review is based on 167 papers published from 1972 to 2013 in various peer-reviewed journals. The relationship of determinants of capital structure is analyzed with the help of meta-analysis. Findings Major findings show an increase of interest in research on determinants of capital structure of the firms located in emerging markets. However, it is observed that these regions are still under-examined which provides more scope for research both empirical and survey-based studies. Majority of research studies are conducted on large-sized firms by using secondary data and regression-based models for the analysis, whereas studies on small-sized firms are very meager. As majority of the research papers are written only at the organizational level, the impact of leverage on various industries is yet to be examined. The review highlights the major determinants of capital structure and their relationship with leverage. It also reveals the dominance of pecking order theory in explaining capital structure of firms theoretically as well as statistically. Originality/value The paper covers a considerable period of time (1972-2013). Among very few review papers on capital structure research, to the best of authors’ knowledge; this is the first review to identify what is missing in the literature on the determinants of capital structure while offering recommendations for future studies. It also synthesize the findings of empirical studies on determinants of capital structure statistically.

Proposed Syndromes and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V

2010 ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Allison ◽  
Jennifer D. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Night Eating Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Night Eating ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Dsm Iv

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000) is currently being revised and new disorders are being considered for inclusion in DSM-V. In this chapter, we evaluate three proposed eating disorders for the DSM-V: binge eating disorder (BED), night eating syndrome (NES), and purging disorder (PD). The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies of all three disorders show their independence from other disorders, although comorbid psychopathology is common. Psychological distress is also high, but evidence for negative impact on physical health is less pronounced. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.

scholarly journals Determinantes de competitividad turística en destinos de sol y playa mexicanos

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (68) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mario Amaya Molinar ◽  
Ana Pricila Sosa Ferreira ◽  
Pedro Moncada Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resident Population ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Convenience Sampling

Resumen: el estudio se orienta a determinar si los agentes de riesgo, como la población residente y los visitantes, pueden percibir los factores de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos. Para lograr dicho objetivo se revisó el estado del arte de la literatura académica sobre el tema, se identificaron los modelos teóricos más reconocidos y las variables e indicadores utilizados con más frecuencia. El estudio empírico, realizado en dos destinos mexicanos de sol y playa, sugiere que los agentes de riesgo pueden percibir algunos de esos factores. Y aunque sólo se empleó un muestreo de conveniencia, en investigaciones futuras se podría utilizar uno probabilístico. Este trabajo contribuye a profundizar en la comprensión de los factores que determinan la competitividad de los destinos turísticos, y trasciende el empleo de índices nacionales abstractos o estudios descriptivos.Palabras clave: competitividad turística; desarrollo sostenible; estudios empíricos; turistas; bienestar en destinos.Determinants of tourist competitiveness in Mexican sun and beach destinationsAbstract: this study is aimed at determining whether the agents of risk, such as the resident population and the visitors, can perceive the competitiveness factors of tourist destinations. In order to achieve this goal the state of the art of the academic literature on the subject was reviewed. Likewise, the most recognized theoretical models and the most frequently used variables and indicators were identified. This empirical study, carried out in two Mexican sun and beach destinations, suggest that the agents of risk can perceive some of those factors. And although a convenience sampling was used now, a probabilistic one could be used in future research. This study contributes to deepening our understanding of the factors that determine tourist destinations’ competitiveness; it goes beyond the use of national abstract indexes or descriptive research.Key words: tourist competitiveness; sustainable development; empirical studies; tourists; well-being at destinations.

scholarly journals Correlated pay-offs are key to cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1687) ◽  
pp. 20150084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Taborsky ◽  
Joachim G. Frommen ◽  
Christina Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding

The general belief that cooperation and altruism in social groups result primarily from kin selection has recently been challenged, not least because results from cooperatively breeding insects and vertebrates have shown that groups may be composed mainly of non-relatives. This allows testing predictions of reciprocity theory without the confounding effect of relatedness. Here, we review complementary and alternative evolutionary mechanisms to kin selection theory and provide empirical examples of cooperative behaviour among unrelated individuals in a wide range of taxa. In particular, we focus on the different forms of reciprocity and on their underlying decision rules, asking about evolutionary stability, the conditions selecting for reciprocity and the factors constraining reciprocal cooperation. We find that neither the cognitive requirements of reciprocal cooperation nor the often sequential nature of interactions are insuperable stumbling blocks for the evolution of reciprocity. We argue that simple decision rules such as ‘help anyone if helped by someone’ should get more attention in future research, because empirical studies show that animals apply such rules, and theoretical models find that they can create stable levels of cooperation under a wide range of conditions. Owing to its simplicity, behaviour based on such a heuristic may in fact be ubiquitous. Finally, we argue that the evolution of exchange and trading of service and commodities among social partners needs greater scientific focus.

Cognitive Process of Moral Decision-Making for Autonomous Agents

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Antonio Cervantes ◽  
Luis-Felipe Rodríguez ◽  
Sonia López ◽  
Félix Ramos ◽  
Francisco Robles
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Human Decision

There are a great variety of theoretical models of cognition whose main purpose is to explain the inner workings of the human brain. Researchers from areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and physiology have proposed these models. Nevertheless, most of these models are based on empirical studies and on experiments with humans, primates, and rodents. In fields such as cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence, these cognitive models may be translated into computational implementations and incorporated into the architectures of intelligent autonomous agents (AAs). Thus, the main assumption in this work is that knowledge in those fields can be used as a design approach contributing to the development of intelligent systems capable of displaying very believable and human-like behaviors. Decision-Making (DM) is one of the most investigated and computationally implemented functions. The literature reports several computational models that enable AAs to make decisions that help achieve their personal goals and needs. However, most models disregard crucial aspects of human decision-making such as other agents' needs, ethical values, and social norms. In this paper, the authors present a set of criteria and mechanisms proposed to develop a biologically inspired computational model of Moral Decision-Making (MDM). To achieve a process of moral decision-making believable, the authors propose a cognitive function to determine the importance of each criterion based on the mood and emotional state of AAs, the main objective the model is to enable AAs to make decisions based on ethical and moral judgment.

Helfen und Wohlbefinden aus psychologischer Perspektive

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Maike Luhmann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Psychological research has long been interested in whether helping can make people happy. This article summarizes empirical evidence and theoretical models on the relationship between helping and well-being. Empirical studies indicate a significant, but weak positive relationship between helping behaviors and well-being. The functional approach and self-determination theory are two theoretical frameworks that are particularly relevant for interdisciplinary investigations of this topic. The article concludes with a discussion of open questions and avenues for future research.

The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
A Value ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooperative Decision Making

We review literature from several fields to describe common experimental tasks used to measure human cooperation as well as the theoretical models that have been used to characterize cooperative decision-making, as well as brain regions implicated in cooperation. Building on work in neuroeconomics, we suggest a value-based account may provide the most powerful understanding the psychology and neuroscience of group cooperation. We also review the role of individual differences and social context in shaping the mental processes that underlie cooperation and consider gaps in the literature and potential directions for future research on the social neuroscience of cooperation. We suggest that this multi-level approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mental and neural processes that underlie the decision to cooperate with others.

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