scholarly journals Life expectancy, family constellation and stress in giant mole-rats ( Fukomys mechowii )

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20200207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Begall ◽  
R. Nappe ◽  
L. Hohrenk ◽  
T. C. Schmidt ◽  
H. Burda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Family Constellation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Giant mole-rats ( Fukomys mechowii ) are remarkably long-lived subterranean rodents (maximum recorded lifespan as reported here greater than 26 years) that live in families with one reproductive pair (breeders) and their non-reproductive offspring (non-breeders). Previous studies have shown that breeders live on average approximately twice as long as non-breeders, a finding contradicting the classic trade-off between reproduction and lifespan. Because recent evidence points to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as playing an important role in shaping the pace of ageing in mole-rats, we analysed the influence of the social environment of giant mole-rats on intrafamilial aggression levels, indicators of long-term stress, and, ultimately, mortality. Behavioural data indicated that family constellation, especially the presence or the absence of parents, influences agonistic behaviour. As a measure of long-term stress, we established a non-invasive method of extracting and measuring cortisol from hair of giant mole-rats. Interestingly, orphaned non-breeders exhibited significantly lower levels of cortisol and lower mortality rates than did non-breeders living with both parents. Because hypercortisolism is harmful in the long-term, intrafamilial stress could help explain the earlier onset of senescence in non-breeders, resulting in a shorter lifespan. Our findings suggest that the social environment should be considered as a further factor in ageing studies involving group-living animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

scholarly journals A Transformation of the Approach to Evaluating a Region’s Investment Attractiveness as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Dmitriy G. Rodionov ◽  
Evgenii A. Konnikov ◽  
Magomedgusen N. Nasrutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
World Order ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a transformation of virtually all aspects of the world order today. Due to the introduction of the world quarantine, a considerable share of professional communications has been transformed into a format of distance interaction. As a result, the specific weight of traditional components of the investment attractiveness of a region is steadily going down, because modern business can be built without the need for territorial unity. It should be stated that now the criteria according to which investors decide if they are ready to invest in a region are dynamically transforming. The significance of the following characteristics is increasingly growing: the sustainable development of a region, qualities of the social environment, and consistency of the social infrastructure. Thus, the approaches to evaluating the region’s investment attractiveness must be transformed. Moreover, the investment process at the federal level involves the determination of target areas of regional development. Despite the universal significance of innovative development, the region can develop much more dynamically when a complex external environment is formed that complements its development model. Interregional interaction, as well as an integrated approach to innovative development, taking into account not only the momentary effect, but also the qualitative long-term transformation of the region, will significantly increase the return on investment. At the same time, the currently existing methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of the region are usually heuristic in nature and are not universal. The heuristic nature of the existing methods does not allow to completely abstract from the subjectivity of the researcher. Moreover, the existing methods do not take into account the cyclical properties of the innovative development of the region, which lead to the formation of a long-term effect from the transformation of the regional environment. This study is aimed at forming a comprehensive methodology that can be used to evaluate the investment attractiveness of a certain region and conclude about the lines of business that should be developed in it as well as to find ways to increase the region’s investment attractiveness. According to the results of the study, a comprehensive methodology was formed to evaluate the region’s investment attractiveness. It consists of three key indicators, namely, the level of the region’s investment attractiveness, the projected level of the region’s investment attractiveness, and the development vector of the region’s investment attractiveness. This methodology is based on a set of indicators that consider the status of the economic and social environment of the region, as well as the status of the innovative and ecological environment. The methodology can be used to make multi-dimensional conclusions both about the growth areas responsible for increasing the region’s innovative attractiveness and the lines of business that should be developed in the region.

scholarly journals An intraspecific appraisal of the social intelligence hypothesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Ashton ◽  
Alex Thornton ◽  
Amanda R. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social Intelligence Hypothesis ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Cognitive Research ◽  
The Social

The prevailing hypotheses for the evolution of cognition focus on either the demands associated with group living (the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH)) or ecological challenges such as finding food. Comparative studies testing these hypotheses have generated highly conflicting results; consequently, our understanding of the drivers of cognitive evolution remains limited. To understand how selection shapes cognition, research must incorporate an intraspecific approach, focusing on the causes and consequences of individual variation in cognition. Here, we review the findings of recent intraspecific cognitive research to investigate the predictions of the SIH. Extensive evidence from our own research on Australian magpies ( Cracticus tibicen dorsalis ), and a number of other taxa, suggests that individuals in larger social groups exhibit elevated cognitive performance and, in some cases, elevated reproductive fitness. Not only do these findings demonstrate how the social environment has the potential to shape cognitive evolution, but crucially, they demonstrate the importance of considering both genetic and developmental factors when attempting to explain the causes of cognitive variation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

scholarly journals The Essence of the Concept of Responsibility

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Kristīne Ķinēna
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Human Science ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Business Economics ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Positive Results

Social responsibility is a concept used across many field, for example, business, economics, political science, social and human science, etc. In every country has been made development plan,which is related to citizen's social responsibility and envionmental front. Every human daily routine begins with a sense of obligation and resposibility and action. People do not understand their actions and behavior of the direct consequences on the environment, other people and to ourselves.Conversely, by understanding ourselves as social and natural part, you can expect a long term positive results in the formation of responsibility and joint resposibility.This article deals with the concept of accountability structure and its relationship to the social environment.

Eff ect of ursodeoxycholic acid in postcholecystectomy cholestatic hepatopathy verified by ultrasonography

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
Katarína Demková ◽  
Ján Tokarčík ◽  
Tibor Varga ◽  
Maroš Rudnay ◽  
Dominik Šafčák
Keyword(s):  
Ursodeoxycholic Acid ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Cholestatic Liver Disease ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Common Bile Duct Dilatation

Summary: Cholestasis syndrome is accompanied by a large number of diverse liver and biliary tract diseases. Many cholestatic changes are fully reversible in the fi rst phase. However, with long-term cholestasis, extensive hepatocyte dysfunction occurs, the disease progresses, and many cholestatic syndromes result in irreversible liver damage and failure. Cholestatic liver diseases represent an important group of liver diseases that are an indication for liver transplantation. Postcholecystectomy syndrome is an imprecisely defi ned term, which includes a set of ongoing or recurrent or new diffi culties of patients after gallbladder surgery. We distinguish between early postcholecystectomy syndrome immediately in the postoperative period, or late postcholecystectomy syndrome, which occurs months or even years later. Ultrasonography is the fi rst imaging examination method for diseases of the liver and hepatobiliary system. It is a non-invasive method, available, relatively cheap, easily repeatable, and it does not represent a burden for the patient. Common bile duct dilatation after cholecystectomy is a common accidental fi nding that is inconclusive in the absence of clinical symptomatology and with normal laboratory fi ndings. Ursodeoxycholic acid forms the basis of cholestasis therapy, the only treatment whose effi cacy in cholestatic liver disease has been demonstrated in randomized and long-term studies. A further positive is that many years of ursodeoxycholic acid administration are not accompanied by more serious side eff ects. This case report supports the concept of a prompt and at the same time deepening benefi cial eff ect of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in patients with cholestatic hepatopathy verified by ultrasonography indicated for conservative treatment or refusing invasive treatment. Key words: cholestasis – postcholecystectomy syndrome – ultrasonography – ursodeoxycholic acid

Diameter and Pulsatile Oscillations of the Femoral Artery Recorded by Ultrasound

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Christensen ◽  
J. Jørgensen ◽  
B. Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Wall ◽  
External Iliac Artery ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
In Vitro Examination

A new non-invasive method for in vivo investigations of the inner diameter and pulsatile oscillations of large muscular arteries by means of an ultrasound time-motion technique is presented. Each histologic layer of the arterial wall is identified at in vitro examination of the external iliac artery. The method has been used for in vivo investigations of 16 long term diabetics and of 16 non-diabetics. A reduction of the lumen and decrement in pulse deflections were found in the diabetics when compared with those of the normal group.

scholarly journals Wild acorn woodpeckers recognize associations between individuals in other groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1882) ◽  
pp. 20181017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pardo ◽  
Emilee A. Sparks ◽  
Tejal S. Kuray ◽  
Natasha D. Hagemeyer ◽  
Eric L. Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Social Intelligence Hypothesis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Melanerpes Formicivorus ◽  
Acorn Woodpeckers

According to the social intelligence hypothesis, understanding the cognitive demands of the social environment is key to understanding the evolution of intelligence. Many important socio-cognitive abilities, however, have primarily been studied in a narrow subset of the social environment—within-group social interactions—despite the fact that between-group social interactions often have a substantial effect on fitness. In particular, triadic awareness (knowledge about the relationships and associations between others) is critical for navigating many types of complex social interactions, yet no existing study has investigated whether wild animals can track associations between members of other social groups. We investigated inter-group triadic awareness in wild acorn woodpeckers ( Melanerpes formicivorus ), a socially complex group-living bird. We presented woodpeckers with socially incongruous playbacks that simulated two outsiders from different groups calling together, and socially congruous playbacks that simulated two outsiders from the same group calling together. Subjects responded more quickly to the incongruous playbacks, suggesting that they were aware that the callers belonged to two different groups. This study provides the first demonstration that animals can recognize associations between members of other groups under natural circumstances, and highlights the importance of considering how inter-group social selection pressures may influence the evolution of cognition.

Review Lecture - The study of mother-infant interaction in captive group-living rhesus monkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 169 (1015) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Physiological Research

Although the influence of early social environment on man’s adult personality is now well recognized, little is known about the precise nature of the effects. One reason for this is the ethical impossibility of applying certain experimental techniques to human subjects. The question thus arises, can subhuman primates be used instead? Although they are much used in physiological research, and much is know nabout their learning abilities (e.g. Schrier, Harlow & Stollnitz 1965), only recently have they come to be used to study ‘personality’ development (Harlow & Harlow 1965). There are three main objections to their use: (i) It is argued that man’s superior intellectual capacities indicate that his behavioural development is different in kind from that of monkeys, and that the social factors which influence it have a unique nature. This, however, is a matter for empirical investigation. While it is certainly true in many ways, neither the similarities nor the differences between the psychological development of man and monkeys can be assessed until more is known about both. (ii) The social structures of subhuman species, and hence the social environment of the growing young, differ both among themselves and from those found in human societies. Cross-species generalizations thus demand extreme caution.

scholarly journals Measurement of Core Body Temperature Using Graphene-Inked Infrared Thermopile Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Chaglla E. ◽  
Numan Celik ◽  
Wamadeva Balachandran
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Thermopile Sensor ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Core Body

Continuous and reliable measurements of core body temperature (CBT) are vital for studies on human thermoregulation. Because tympanic membrane directly reflects the temperature of the carotid artery, it is an accurate and non-invasive method to record CBT. However, commercial tympanic thermometers lack portability and continuous measurements. In this study, graphene inks were utilized to increase the accuracy of the temperature measurements from the ear by coating graphene platelets on the lens of an infrared thermopile sensor. The proposed ear-based device was designed by investigating ear canal geometry and developed with 3D printing technology using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software, SolidWorks 2016. It employs an Arduino Pro Mini and a Bluetooth module. The proposed system runs with a 3.7 V, 850 mAh rechargeable lithium-polymer battery that allows long-term, continuous monitoring. Raw data are continuously and wirelessly plotted on a mobile phone app. The test was performed on 10 subjects under resting and exercising in a total period of 25 min. Achieved results were compared with the commercially available Braun Thermoscan, Original Thermopile, and Cosinuss One ear thermometers. It is also comprehended that such system will be useful in personalized medicine as wearable in-ear device with wireless connectivity.

scholarly journals Timely use of Technology to Reduce Perpetuate Stress Impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-364
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Stress Detection ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The People ◽  
Complete Health ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Detection Of Stress

Stress has become a common thing in today’s life. Because of the fast pace, it is a top health concern. Psychologists say that if they don’t learn healthy ways to manage stress now, it could have serious long-term health implications, such as depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, diabetes. Currently people are suffering from stress issues everywhere. Since last few decades stress has been detected in most of the people and there has been recorded severely increasing effect of stress on human body. Stress can alter complete health which leads to reducing the tolerating power of the human. In metro cities this condition is more severe. Hence it is necessary to identify stress before it causes any serious harm and treat on it. In this project we are presenting stress detection technique and lower it with the help of Music therapy. As there are many benefits of music so by taking advantage of it we are minimizing stress level to normal state. Detection of stress using brainwaves is a non-invasive method. We have selected 42 students who were about to go for their exam. Firstly we have recorded brainwaves before they were going to exam, then immediately after finishing their exam we have recorded brainwaves lastly they were allowed to listen to their favorite music and then recorded their brainwaves. From analysis it is clear that stressed brainwave were reduced to 29% by listening music.

scholarly journals The Association of Peer Smoking Behavior and Social Support with Quit Success in Employees Who Participated in a Smoking Cessation Intervention at the Workplace

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floor A. van den Brand ◽  
Puck Nagtzaam ◽  
Gera E. Nagelhout ◽  
Bjorn Winkens ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Cessation Intervention ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Cessation Intervention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Continuous Abstinence

The current study investigated whether quit success among employees who participated in a smoking cessation intervention at the workplace was associated with social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their environment. Tobacco-smoking employees (n = 604) from 61 companies participated in a workplace group smoking cessation program. Participants completed questionnaires assessing social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their social environment. They were also tested for biochemically validated continuous abstinence directly after finishing the training and after 12 months. The data were analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Social support from colleagues was positively associated with 12-month quit success (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–3.00, p = 0.013). Support from a partner was positively associated with short-term quit success (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.23–3.30, p = 0.006). Having a higher proportion of smokers in the social environment was negatively associated with long-term abstinence (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71–0.92, p = 0.002). Compared to having a non-smoking partner, long-term quit success was negatively associated with having no partner (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.88, p < 0.019), with having a partner who smokes (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24–0.66, p < 0.001), and with having a partner who used to smoke (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.26–0.86, p = 0.014). In conclusion, people in a smoker’s social environment, particularly colleagues, were strongly associated with quit success. The workplace may, therefore, be a favorable setting for smoking cessation interventions.

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