scholarly journals II. On the spectra of metalloids— Spectrum of Oxygen

1879 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vacuum Tube ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Nearly Continuous

The many unexplained phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases will probably for some time to come occupy the attention of experimental physicists. It is desirable that the subject should be approached from as many different sides as possible. One of our most powerful instruments of research is the spectroscope; but before it can be applied to the study in question, we have to settle the chemical origin of the different spectra which we observe in tubes, and to discuss in what way such spectra are liable to change under different circumstances. A special investigation has to be made for each gas; we have to study the effect of various impurities, the influence of the electrodes and that of the glass, which in the tubes generally used is considerably heated up by the spark. To make the investigation complete we have to vary as much as possible the pressure, the bore of the vacuum tube, and the strength of the spark. I have chosen Oxygen as a first subject of investigation. Though Plücker and Wüllner have, as far as their experiments went, accurately described the phenomena seen in oxygen tubes, the following paper contains much that is new, and will put some of the older facts on a firmer basis. When I first began to work, it was my intention to take the gases in groups, and to study their mixture; but as the following investigation has taken me a year’s nearly continuous work, and is complete in itself, I trust it will not be found unworthy of publication. I must, of course, at present confine myself to the purely spectroscopic point of view. As several of the observations which I shall have to record bear directly on the general theory of double spectra, I must briefly refer to our knowledge on that point.

III. On the spectra of metalloids. Spectrum of oxygen

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Solid Bodies ◽  
Fixed Period

The many unexplained phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases will probably for some time to come occupy the attention of experimental physicists. It is desirable that the subject should be approached from as many different sides as possible. One of our most powerful instruments of research is the spectroscope, but before it can be applied to the study in question we have to settle the chemical origin of the different spectra, which we observe in vacuum tubes, and to discuss in what way such spectra are liable to change under different circumstances. A special investigation has to be made for each gas; we have to study the effect of various impurities, the influence of the electrodes, and that of the glass which in the tubes generally used is considerably heated up by the spark. I have chosen oxygen as a first subject of investigation. Though Plücker and Wüllner have, as far as their experiments went, accurately described the phenomena seen in oxygen tubes, the following contains much that is new, and will put some of the older facts on a firmer basis. As some of the facts brought to light by the investigation bear directly on the question of double spectra, our knowledge on that point must be briefly referred to. We divide all known spectra into three orders. Continuous spectra, channelled space spectra, and line spectra. With regard to continuous spectra, it is shown that the older statement which limited them to liquid and solid bodies is no longer tenable. Most gases give continuous spectra long before they condense. Two theories of continuous spectra are noticed. The one considers that the vibrations of a molecule always tend to take place in a fixed period, but that the impacts of other molecules may, when the pressure is great or in liquid and solid bodies, prevent complete oscillations taking place, and thus produce a continuous spectrum. The other theory considers that, when a gas condenses, molecular combinations take place, which make the molecular structure more complicated, and may produce channelled space spectra or continuous spectra. According to the latter theory such molecular combinations are possible before the gas condenses, and thus the state of aggregation of the gas only indirectly affects the spectrum. The latter theory seems to be more consistent with experiment than the former one. For instance, it is shown that oxygen gives a continuous spectrum at the lowest temperature at which it is luminous. If the temperature be raised, the continuous spectrum is replaced by a line spectrum. This seems to be inexplicable by theory of molecular impacts.

THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON PERFORMANCE AS SHOWN BY EXERCISE TESTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-741
Author(s):  
D. B. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Distance Runner ◽  
Indiana University ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Harvard School

THE STUDY of work performance as related to age began in this country when Sid Robinson joined the group at the Fatigue Laboratory of the Harvard School of Business Administration. In the winter of 1936-7, he persuaded five champion milers who were in Boston for indoor meets to run on the Laboratory's treadmill on week-ends. Simultaneously, he was chiefly engaged in studying treadmill performance as related to age. This was the subject of his doctorate thesis published later under the title: "Experimental Studies of Physical Fitness as Related to Age". The 91 subjects ranged in age from boys 6 years of age to one man of 91. There were eight 6-year-olds, 10 between 8 and 13 and 20 between 48 and 76. Robinson's background as an Olympic middle-distance runner and as an assistant track coach at Indiana University gave him skill in dealing with the many diverse problems that confronted him. Often he was faced with sociological-psychological problems more difficult to solve than the physiological problems. Indicative of his success is the fact that the subjects were volunteers—no money was offered as an inducement to come to the laboratory. Also worthy of note is that there was no untoward incident throughout the study. Robinson's plan included respiratory, circulatory and metabolic observations in the basal state and in two grades of exercise. He describes the work experiments as follows: (pp. 251-3, reference 2) "After the above observations were completed, the subject performed two grades of work on a motor-driven treadmill, set at an angle of 8.6% in all experiments. Each subject below 73 years of age first walked at 5.6 km per hour for 15 minutes; this raises the oxygen consumption 7 or 8 times the basal level. After resting 10 minutes, he ran or in some cases, walked, at a rate which exhausted him in 2 to 5 minutes.

scholarly journals Magnetoelectrics: Three Centuries of Research Heading Towards the 4.0 Industrial Revolution

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nélson Pereira ◽  
Ana Catarina Lima ◽  
Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez ◽  
Pedro Martins
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Magnetic And Electric Properties ◽  
To Come ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Unique Capability

Magnetoelectric (ME) materials composed of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases have been the subject of decades of research due to their versatility and unique capability to couple the magnetic and electric properties of the matter. While these materials are often studied from a fundamental point of view, the 4.0 revolution (automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology) and the Internet of Things (IoT) context allows the perfect conditions for this type of materials being effectively/finally implemented in a variety of advanced applications. This review starts in the era of Rontgen and Curie and ends up in the present day, highlighting challenges/directions for the time to come. The main materials, configurations, ME coefficients, and processing techniques are reported.

The Croonian Lecture, 1965 - The organization of a memory system

1965 ◽  
Vol 163 (992) ◽  
pp. 285-320 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Single Nerve ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Material Organization

The study of memory is unfortunately a difficult and confused subject. Its importance is beyond question, if only because memory lies near the centre of human abilities. Yet there is little agreement even as to the practical results, if any, that may be expected from its study. Education and psychology proceed empirically for want of a general theory of memory, but it is not clear whether such a theory may be expected to come from psychology as studied in man, from experimental study of animals, or from some discoveries of logic, mathematics or engineering. Yet the subject has certainly not been neglected. Immense efforts have been made by psychologists, clinicians, physiologists and workers in other disciplines. In recent years occurrences of various sorts have been reported in the nervous system during learning, from electrical changes, to changes in the base composition of the ribosenucleotides of single nerve cells. In fact there is such a large literature that one cannot avoid feeling that anything that an anatomist may say on the subject will be irrelevant, superficial, naive or worst of all, confusing. I am encouraged to take the risk by the fact that study of the connexion pattern of the nervous system of the octopus has given me a feeling of beginning to understand a little about the subject of memory. To study the material organization behind any subject or problem is surely the basis of a scientific approach. I shall go so far as to suggest evidence for the existence of a unit of memory or mnemon. The suggestion is made with great hesitation and in full awareness of its dangers. The technique of pushing the analysis of the system as far as possible on the basis of the connexion pattern seems to have brought increasing clarification. Recognition of the units is the next further step. Many of those who have so ably assisted in this work will probably not approve of the identification of a unit, still less of inventing a name for it. Many will regard it as a guess, especially since it is not supported by evidence from microelectrodes. Yet perhaps we need to try to identify units, not only as a basis for discussion but in order to find out where to look in our search for the electrical, chemical and other correlates of memory.

scholarly journals Notes on the theory of radiation

1932 ◽  
Vol 136 (829) ◽  
pp. 36-52 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Wave System ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Train Of Thought

It will probably be agreed that among all the recent developments of the quantum theory, one of the least satisfactory is the theory of radiation. The present paper is intended as a preliminary to a new line of attack on the subject. It was begun some time ago, but owing to lack of success in carrying it to a conclusion, its publication has been much delayed. In the meantime other papers have appeared, which in some respects follow the same train of thought. The authors of these works have carried their methods further in some directions than I have attempted, but there is still perhaps room for the discussion of a number of questions from the rather different point of view adopted here. 1. The main principle of the present work is the idea that, since matter and light both possess the dual characters of particle and wave, a similar mathematical treatment ought to be applied to both, and that this has not yet bee done as fully as should be possible. Whereas we have a fairly complete calculus for dealing with the behaviour of any number of electrons or atoms, for photons the existing processes are much less satisfactory. The central difficulty, which makes it hard to apply the ordinary methods of wave mechanics to light, is the fact that (at least according to our present ideas) photons can be created and annihilated, and to represent this in a wave system we have to be able to think of a medium suddenly coming into existence and then going out again, when the light that it was carrying is absorbed. Such behaviour is a grave difficulty in the way of allowing us to think of the photon as a wave, and tends to make us think with more favour of its particle aspect, until we recall that after all it is quite unlike any known particle to come into existence and later to disappear without trace. The theories at present current, such as that of Heisenberg and Pauli, avoid these difficulties because they are mainly formal generalisations of the classical theory; this frees them from the above difficulties, but they pay for it in being highly abstract, and, as it has turned out, rather unsuccessful.

The Rutherford Memorial Lecture, 1956 The discovery of atomic number

1956 ◽  
Vol 236 (1206) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Element Number ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

In a Rutherford Memorial Lecture there are two alternative courses that might be taken. One is to describe one or other of the great developments that have later followed out from the many things which Rutherford started; the other is to describe some aspect of his own work from a historical point of view. If, as we hope and intend, the institution of these lectures should survive for many years, the first policy will probably be more useful in later times, but there still remain a number of people who lived through the wonderful experiences of those days, and while we survive it may be more interesting perhaps for us to leave some small records of what we saw. But there seems little purpose in merely giving again and again a biography recounting all the things that Rutherford did, and so I have chosen one item from among his discoveries, and I propose to give an account of this. It is the discovery of Atomic Number. I am going to try and give a picture of this whole subject; in it Rutherford of course played the leading part, but others made very important contributions, and it will be the whole history of it that I shall try to describe, and not merely his part in it. In the history of science there has been every now and then what I may call an ‘easy’ discovery, by which I do not in the least mean that it was easy to discover, but that when discovered it is so easy to understand, that it is difficult afterwards to see how people had got on without it. One example of such an ‘easy’ discovery was the discovery by Copernicus that the earth goes round the sun. After his time it was possible for anyone almost to forget what astronomy had been like before his day, and yet we have to recognize that the subject had been studied for three or four thousand years by many exceedingly intelligent men. Atomic number is another such ‘easy’ discovery. Any recent book on chemistry or physics describes the chemical elements in terms of it, and now with the development of atomic energy, even the daily press discusses quite readily the differences between uranium 238 and 235, and possibly even recalls that uranium is element number 92. In all the doubts that we may have about how future scientific discoveries will reshape our outlook on the world, we can feel sure that this one thing will never be changed; that the isotopes of the atoms of chemical elements will always have known atomic numbers and atomic weights. It now seems so simple that it is hard to believe how recently it was all discovered, and I want to show you that this ‘easy’ discovery was not at all easy to make.

scholarly journals The Issue of Woman’s Work: A Maqasidic Analysis on the Backgrounds and Socio-Economic Implications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Woman's Work

Discussing the issue of women's work from the Islamic point of view requires a holistic approach that examines the subject with all the different factors and influences of life. This is a methodical approach that Mujtahidūn call “Taḥqīq al-Manāṭ al-‘Āmm” for Islamic researches. It extends to a wider circle related to the nature of social life and the pattern of family relations. It is linked to political and economic systems and the perception of women and their function and location in society. This research contributes to this debatable issue, trying to dismantle the ideological backgrounds surrounding this issue and to examine the economic and political motives behind it. Then, it follows up the implications that are socially and economically derived by evoking the reality of global experiences, in order to come up with a more comprehensive and balanced vision in Taḥqīq al-Manāṭ in its Maqasidic context which controls its view and rulings.

scholarly journals Crises Management Analyses of Iraqi Swimming Federation’s Administrative Bureau

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Baraa Uday Abed ◽  
Suha Ali Husaien
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Crises Management ◽  
Descriptive Method

The research aimed at identifying the reality of crises management in central administrative bureau in governorates swimming federation from the administrative bureaus’ point of view as well as first class referees. The problem of the research lies in answering whether the central or regional administrative bureaus of Iraqi swimming federation are able to administer crises that they face. The researchers used the descriptive method on 85 member and referee who represent Iraqi central swimming federation as well as regional federation. The subjects were (80) members and referees. A scale was designed for crises administrations that was applied on the subject. The data was collected and treated to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded that crises administration reality shows great weakness that leads to increasing the effects of these crises that negatively affected the federation.

Facing Epistemic Authorities

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Thomas Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Truth Condition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rational Agent ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Conspiracy Thinking

Disrespect for the truth, the rise of conspiracy thinking, and a pervasive distrust in experts are widespread features of the post-truth condition in current politics and public opinion. Among the many good explanations of these phenomena there is one that is only rarely discussed: that something is wrong with our deeply entrenched intellectual standards of (i) using our own critical thinking without any restriction and (ii) respecting the judgment of every rational agent as epistemically relevant. This chapter argues that these two Enlightenment principles—the Principle of Unrestricted Critical Thinking and the Principle of Democratic Reason—not only conflict with what is rationally required from a purely epistemic point of view, but also further the spread of conspiracy theories and undermine trust in experts. As a result, we should typically defer to experts without using any of our own reasons regarding the subject matter

The Establishment of the Great Farm of the English Customs

1918 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 129-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

The English customs duties under the early Stewarts, and the many vexed constitutional questions involved in connection with them, furnished some of the bitterest subjects of controversy at the time, both in and out of Parliament, and constitutional historians have devoted much attention to them. The questions that have been debated in this connection, however, have been mainly of one kind, and have related mainly to the constitutional powers of the Crown and the proper application of mediæval precedents under changed conditions. But there is an entirely different standpoint from which the customs can be approached, that of their administration as an essential part of the revenue-producing system, and comparatively little attention has been devoted to this aspect of the subject. It is important from a purely English point of view, but it is also specially interesting to the investigator of the English background for the early period of American colonisation, since customs duties played such an important part in fostering the growth of Virginia and of other newly established colonies.

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