scholarly journals The Issue of Woman’s Work: A Maqasidic Analysis on the Backgrounds and Socio-Economic Implications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Woman's Work

Discussing the issue of women's work from the Islamic point of view requires a holistic approach that examines the subject with all the different factors and influences of life. This is a methodical approach that Mujtahidūn call “Taḥqīq al-Manāṭ al-‘Āmm” for Islamic researches. It extends to a wider circle related to the nature of social life and the pattern of family relations. It is linked to political and economic systems and the perception of women and their function and location in society. This research contributes to this debatable issue, trying to dismantle the ideological backgrounds surrounding this issue and to examine the economic and political motives behind it. Then, it follows up the implications that are socially and economically derived by evoking the reality of global experiences, in order to come up with a more comprehensive and balanced vision in Taḥqīq al-Manāṭ in its Maqasidic context which controls its view and rulings.

Generating the Future

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Life ◽  
William Godwin ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
Adjacent Field ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

An enduring problem of social life is what to do about the future. Can we predict it? Can we control it? How much sacrifice are we willing to make in the present for the promise of a better future? The questions are harrowing, and agreement comes hard. The year 1921 was a time of famine in some parts of the newly formed Soviet Union. An American journalist, visiting a refugee camp on the Volga, reported that almost half of the people had died of starvation. Noticing some sacks of grain stacked on an adjacent field, he asked the patriarch of the refugee community why the people did not simply overpower the lone soldier guarding the grain and help themselves. The patriarch impatiently explained that the seed was being saved for next season's planting. "We do not steal from the future," he said. It would be too much to claim that only the human animal is capable of imagining what is yet to come, but it is difficult to believe that any other animal can have so keen an appreciation of the demands of the future. Alfred Korbzybski (1879- 1950) called man "the time-binding animal." Binding the future to the present makes sense only if understandable mechanisms connect the two. This understanding was notably missing in the writings of the anarchist-journalist William Godwin. Unlike Malthus, he could make no sense of the fluctuations of human numbers. "Population," he said, "if we consider it historically, appears to be a fitful principle, operating intermittedly and by starts. This is the great mystery of the subject.. .. One of the first ideas that will occur to a reflecting mind is, that the cause of these irregularities cannot be of itself of regular and uniform operation. It cannot be [as Malthus says] 'the numbers of mankind at all times pressing hard against the limits of the means of subsistence.'" Rather than trying to see how appearances might be reconciled with natural laws, Godwin simply said there were no natural laws. His proposal to replace law with "fhfulness" led one of his critics to comment: "Perhaps Godwin was simply carrying his dislike of law one step farther. Having applied it to politics (1793) and to style (1797), he now applied it to nature (1820). He deliberately placed a whole army of facts out of the range of science."

scholarly journals Magnetoelectrics: Three Centuries of Research Heading Towards the 4.0 Industrial Revolution

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nélson Pereira ◽  
Ana Catarina Lima ◽  
Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez ◽  
Pedro Martins
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Magnetic And Electric Properties ◽  
To Come ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Unique Capability

Magnetoelectric (ME) materials composed of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases have been the subject of decades of research due to their versatility and unique capability to couple the magnetic and electric properties of the matter. While these materials are often studied from a fundamental point of view, the 4.0 revolution (automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology) and the Internet of Things (IoT) context allows the perfect conditions for this type of materials being effectively/finally implemented in a variety of advanced applications. This review starts in the era of Rontgen and Curie and ends up in the present day, highlighting challenges/directions for the time to come. The main materials, configurations, ME coefficients, and processing techniques are reported.

scholarly journals II. On the spectra of metalloids— Spectrum of Oxygen

1879 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vacuum Tube ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Nearly Continuous

The many unexplained phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases will probably for some time to come occupy the attention of experimental physicists. It is desirable that the subject should be approached from as many different sides as possible. One of our most powerful instruments of research is the spectroscope; but before it can be applied to the study in question, we have to settle the chemical origin of the different spectra which we observe in tubes, and to discuss in what way such spectra are liable to change under different circumstances. A special investigation has to be made for each gas; we have to study the effect of various impurities, the influence of the electrodes and that of the glass, which in the tubes generally used is considerably heated up by the spark. To make the investigation complete we have to vary as much as possible the pressure, the bore of the vacuum tube, and the strength of the spark. I have chosen Oxygen as a first subject of investigation. Though Plücker and Wüllner have, as far as their experiments went, accurately described the phenomena seen in oxygen tubes, the following paper contains much that is new, and will put some of the older facts on a firmer basis. When I first began to work, it was my intention to take the gases in groups, and to study their mixture; but as the following investigation has taken me a year’s nearly continuous work, and is complete in itself, I trust it will not be found unworthy of publication. I must, of course, at present confine myself to the purely spectroscopic point of view. As several of the observations which I shall have to record bear directly on the general theory of double spectra, I must briefly refer to our knowledge on that point.

scholarly journals Notes on the theory of radiation

1932 ◽  
Vol 136 (829) ◽  
pp. 36-52 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Wave System ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Train Of Thought

It will probably be agreed that among all the recent developments of the quantum theory, one of the least satisfactory is the theory of radiation. The present paper is intended as a preliminary to a new line of attack on the subject. It was begun some time ago, but owing to lack of success in carrying it to a conclusion, its publication has been much delayed. In the meantime other papers have appeared, which in some respects follow the same train of thought. The authors of these works have carried their methods further in some directions than I have attempted, but there is still perhaps room for the discussion of a number of questions from the rather different point of view adopted here. 1. The main principle of the present work is the idea that, since matter and light both possess the dual characters of particle and wave, a similar mathematical treatment ought to be applied to both, and that this has not yet bee done as fully as should be possible. Whereas we have a fairly complete calculus for dealing with the behaviour of any number of electrons or atoms, for photons the existing processes are much less satisfactory. The central difficulty, which makes it hard to apply the ordinary methods of wave mechanics to light, is the fact that (at least according to our present ideas) photons can be created and annihilated, and to represent this in a wave system we have to be able to think of a medium suddenly coming into existence and then going out again, when the light that it was carrying is absorbed. Such behaviour is a grave difficulty in the way of allowing us to think of the photon as a wave, and tends to make us think with more favour of its particle aspect, until we recall that after all it is quite unlike any known particle to come into existence and later to disappear without trace. The theories at present current, such as that of Heisenberg and Pauli, avoid these difficulties because they are mainly formal generalisations of the classical theory; this frees them from the above difficulties, but they pay for it in being highly abstract, and, as it has turned out, rather unsuccessful.

scholarly journals Category «public service» as a scientific research object

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
T. V. Serohina
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the concept of «public service» in an independent Ukraine. It was found out that since the beginning the concept of «management service» is one of the most widespread. From a legal point of view, a management service is the creation of organizational conditions for the realization of the right by a citizen or another subject of administrative-legal relations. Instead from the point of view of public administration, «management service» is a result of the functional activity of the state body in the development and implementation of state policy on the regulation of a particular sector of the economy or social life. It was established that in addition was used concepts of the similar content, which amplified the terminological uncertainty. As a result, an approach has been developed in which the services of public authorities are divided into four groups: state, municipal, administrative and public. In this approach, public services are divided into state and municipal, depending on the subject of the service, administrative services are provided both by executive authorities and local self-government. The only kind of public services found in the regulatory framework is administrative services. In the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Services», the term administrative service is used as a result of exercising power by the subject of the providing of administrative services on the application of a natural or legal person, aimed at acquiring, changing or terminating the rights and / or duties of such person in accordance with the law. The process of formation, the concept of «public services» in independent Ukraine can be divided into four stages, the first of which is the stage of domination in the national scientific thought of the concept of «management services». The second stage is the division of services into separate groups - state, municipal, administrative, and all of these groups belong to one group of public services. The third stage (ongoing to date) is characterized by the consolidation and final formulation of the term «public services» as the basic concept of the system of providing services by public authorities. The fourth stage can only be predicted, nevertheless, it is essentially a logical continuation of these three stages, when the legal fixing of the concept takes place.

scholarly journals Crises Management Analyses of Iraqi Swimming Federation’s Administrative Bureau

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Baraa Uday Abed ◽  
Suha Ali Husaien
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
Crises Management ◽  
Descriptive Method

The research aimed at identifying the reality of crises management in central administrative bureau in governorates swimming federation from the administrative bureaus’ point of view as well as first class referees. The problem of the research lies in answering whether the central or regional administrative bureaus of Iraqi swimming federation are able to administer crises that they face. The researchers used the descriptive method on 85 member and referee who represent Iraqi central swimming federation as well as regional federation. The subjects were (80) members and referees. A scale was designed for crises administrations that was applied on the subject. The data was collected and treated to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded that crises administration reality shows great weakness that leads to increasing the effects of these crises that negatively affected the federation.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF THE TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE XVIII – EARLY XX CENTURIES (HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEM)

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Tomilov
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The study reviews scientific literature concerning the cities of the Tobolsk province in the late XVIII – early XX centuries. The article  features the works of scientists, published in the pre-revolutionary  period and affecting different sides of the subject in question. The  results of the research indicate that before 1917 the scientific works  were mainly concentrated on such aspects of urban life as  demography, trade, administration, urban space, education, local  government, and periodicals. The authors did not distinguish the  concept of «social life» as a separate phenomenon, limiting the  study of its individual components. The methodology includes the  use of techniques and tools of local, systemic, comparative- historical, and problem-chronological methods, as well as  developments «history of everyday life» and «new Imperial history». In general, the article emphasizes the expansion of scientific  knowledge about the social history of Siberian cities in the post- reform and late Imperial periods, reveals the influence of the  researchers ' views on the integration of urban life. The scope of the  study is not limited to the interest of historians, urbanists and local  historians to the subject of study. Historiographical analysis is  relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the  prospects of urban studies, and can also be used in the preparation  of textbooks and summaries on Siberian history. 

scholarly journals How is Archaeology of Religion Possible?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorica Kuzmanović
Keyword(s):  
General Problem ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject

The text discusses the epistemological problems and dilemmas of the attempts to study religious life in prehistory by archaeological means. Among numerous difficulties, theoretical as well as practical, hindering these attempts, a general problem is discussed here: is archaeology of religion possible and on what grounds? This dilemma raised a series of discussions over the last decades of the 20th century, primarily among the English-speaking archaeologists. However, in the tradition of regional archaeology of Yugoslavian and post-Yugoslavian lands this discussion has not been initiated, and the religious life of the prehistoric communities has not been the subject of particular research interest. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to bring attention to the possibilities and limitations of research into religion in prehistory, referring to the recent discussions in wider archaeological community. Two questions are discussed: firstly, how religion is conceptualized and defined in prehistoric contexts, and secondly, how it is possible to make inferences on religion on the grounds of material remains, if religion is understood in general sense, as belief in supernatural, non-material principles.  The text concludes by the suggestion that the holistic approach, advocating that the religious phenomena should be regarded in structural relationship to all other aspects of social life, is productive if this proposition is taken to imply the scrutiny of numerous correlations between religion and other social domains. However, it is not acceptable to deny heuristic and analytic value of the very concept of religion. The importance of research into religious rituals is stressed, i.e. religious behaviour and practices, that are accessible through archaeological record, as opposed to religious principles, beliefs and dogmas. The orientation of archaeological research towards the field of ritual practices presupposes the effort to discern the purpose of a ritual and its outcomes, i.e. to consider the structural intertwining of ritual behaviour with all other aspects of social life, in accordance with the holistic approach. 

scholarly journals Italian Theories About Accounting Measurements From the Twenties to the Sixties: Looking for Underlying Tendencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Enrico Gonnella
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S

The main subject of this paper is the theory of accounting valuations as observed from a historical perspective. In particular, this research concerns the most significant theoretical concepts developed through the Italian doctrine between the 1920s and the 1960s. This period was a historical phase of great cultural ferment, characterised by the progressive deepening of the subject of accounting valuations by Italian scholars.Most of the attention has been focused on those scholars who, by developing theses among the most innovative and original, made significant contributions to the advancement of Italian accounting: Gino Zappa, Vittorio Alfieri, Francesco De Gobbis, Pietro Onida, Lorenzo De Minico, Alberto Ceccherelli, and Egidio Giannessi. These scholars, aware that the valuative problem could not be addressed with simple valuation rules, were interested in finding general principles that could be useful models of behaviour for the accounting practise. These principles made it possible to understand that valuation, being a process that transcends the simple mechanistic application of predefined rules, requires the formulation of a judgment based on the observation of the firm’s specific characteristics and of those of the external environment in which it operates.The analysis allowed the main trends in the examined evolutionary process to be identified, including the progressive relativisation as well as the increasing subjectivity of values, the penchant towards a holistic approach to the problem of accounting valuations, and last, but at the same time first from a doctrinal point of view, the tendency toward a scientification of the discipline of financial accounting measurements.

scholarly journals Architectural objects as elements of the social space of the city in the subject field of social sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Н. К. Міхно
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The study tested that cities are studied from different perspectives: from city-to-city links, structural elements of urban space to everyday practices of cities. Among the representatives of the scientific field, which made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of urban research is to highlight J. Bodriyar, P. Bourdieu, D. Becker, D. Jacobs, C. Lynch, A. Lefevra, M. Castells, D. Garvey, A. Scott, R. Pal, J. Fischer, H. Delitz and others. Moreover interesting and thorough are the scientific works of Ukrainian researchers – V. Sereda, M. Sobolevskaya, L. Males, Y. Soroka, D. Sudin, A. Petrenko-Lisak, A. Mikheeva, L. Nagorna, O. Musiyuzdov and a number of others. In this case, the methodological position of the researchers is relevant, which states that the symbolic space of the city is formed through the ability of visual objects to translate cultural and symbolic codes with the help of geometric, semantic and aesthetic characteristics. For example, in this work, one of the key terms is «architectural landscapes» with which it is possible to analyze the combination of spatial forms in the city with meaningful cultural and ideological content. It was recorded that the signs or symbolic markers can serve as architectural buildings, monuments, memorable signs, street names, informational and promotional posters, and so on. The main objects of research in the sociology of the study of architectural forms gradually became the phenomenon of buildings and structures, as well as the development of theoretical directions in architecture, the study of the place and role of space in sociology and cultural studies. As a result in the methodological space, along with the phenomenological, anthropological, and linguistic turns, the term «architectural turn» appears. From the point of view of the system theory, architecture is not seen as the main subject of research, namely communication on architecture. Accordingly, institutional theory in sociology considers architecture as an «institutional mechanism» that firmly asks individuals a certain social order and allows for the implementation of architectural ideas. On the other hand, at the same time, open questions remain regarding the meaningful content of the meanings contained in the objects of architecture. The postmodern direction, which reveals other aspects of the study of architectural forms, deserves special attention. Discreteness Architectural of social life, «decentralization of the subject», the decomposition of reality into actual and virtual, freedom and spontaneity as characteristics of the postmodern era are reflected and read in the architecture of postmodern. The architectural space of the city is considered by a number of domestic and foreign researchers in the context of symbolic interaction between power structures and actors through architectural constructions and design of a living environment.

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