The Establishment of the Great Farm of the English Customs

1918 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 129-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

The English customs duties under the early Stewarts, and the many vexed constitutional questions involved in connection with them, furnished some of the bitterest subjects of controversy at the time, both in and out of Parliament, and constitutional historians have devoted much attention to them. The questions that have been debated in this connection, however, have been mainly of one kind, and have related mainly to the constitutional powers of the Crown and the proper application of mediæval precedents under changed conditions. But there is an entirely different standpoint from which the customs can be approached, that of their administration as an essential part of the revenue-producing system, and comparatively little attention has been devoted to this aspect of the subject. It is important from a purely English point of view, but it is also specially interesting to the investigator of the English background for the early period of American colonisation, since customs duties played such an important part in fostering the growth of Virginia and of other newly established colonies.

scholarly journals II. On the spectra of metalloids— Spectrum of Oxygen

1879 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vacuum Tube ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Nearly Continuous

The many unexplained phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases will probably for some time to come occupy the attention of experimental physicists. It is desirable that the subject should be approached from as many different sides as possible. One of our most powerful instruments of research is the spectroscope; but before it can be applied to the study in question, we have to settle the chemical origin of the different spectra which we observe in tubes, and to discuss in what way such spectra are liable to change under different circumstances. A special investigation has to be made for each gas; we have to study the effect of various impurities, the influence of the electrodes and that of the glass, which in the tubes generally used is considerably heated up by the spark. To make the investigation complete we have to vary as much as possible the pressure, the bore of the vacuum tube, and the strength of the spark. I have chosen Oxygen as a first subject of investigation. Though Plücker and Wüllner have, as far as their experiments went, accurately described the phenomena seen in oxygen tubes, the following paper contains much that is new, and will put some of the older facts on a firmer basis. When I first began to work, it was my intention to take the gases in groups, and to study their mixture; but as the following investigation has taken me a year’s nearly continuous work, and is complete in itself, I trust it will not be found unworthy of publication. I must, of course, at present confine myself to the purely spectroscopic point of view. As several of the observations which I shall have to record bear directly on the general theory of double spectra, I must briefly refer to our knowledge on that point.

The Rutherford Memorial Lecture, 1956 The discovery of atomic number

1956 ◽  
Vol 236 (1206) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Element Number ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

In a Rutherford Memorial Lecture there are two alternative courses that might be taken. One is to describe one or other of the great developments that have later followed out from the many things which Rutherford started; the other is to describe some aspect of his own work from a historical point of view. If, as we hope and intend, the institution of these lectures should survive for many years, the first policy will probably be more useful in later times, but there still remain a number of people who lived through the wonderful experiences of those days, and while we survive it may be more interesting perhaps for us to leave some small records of what we saw. But there seems little purpose in merely giving again and again a biography recounting all the things that Rutherford did, and so I have chosen one item from among his discoveries, and I propose to give an account of this. It is the discovery of Atomic Number. I am going to try and give a picture of this whole subject; in it Rutherford of course played the leading part, but others made very important contributions, and it will be the whole history of it that I shall try to describe, and not merely his part in it. In the history of science there has been every now and then what I may call an ‘easy’ discovery, by which I do not in the least mean that it was easy to discover, but that when discovered it is so easy to understand, that it is difficult afterwards to see how people had got on without it. One example of such an ‘easy’ discovery was the discovery by Copernicus that the earth goes round the sun. After his time it was possible for anyone almost to forget what astronomy had been like before his day, and yet we have to recognize that the subject had been studied for three or four thousand years by many exceedingly intelligent men. Atomic number is another such ‘easy’ discovery. Any recent book on chemistry or physics describes the chemical elements in terms of it, and now with the development of atomic energy, even the daily press discusses quite readily the differences between uranium 238 and 235, and possibly even recalls that uranium is element number 92. In all the doubts that we may have about how future scientific discoveries will reshape our outlook on the world, we can feel sure that this one thing will never be changed; that the isotopes of the atoms of chemical elements will always have known atomic numbers and atomic weights. It now seems so simple that it is hard to believe how recently it was all discovered, and I want to show you that this ‘easy’ discovery was not at all easy to make.

Facing Epistemic Authorities

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Thomas Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Truth Condition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rational Agent ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Conspiracy Thinking

Disrespect for the truth, the rise of conspiracy thinking, and a pervasive distrust in experts are widespread features of the post-truth condition in current politics and public opinion. Among the many good explanations of these phenomena there is one that is only rarely discussed: that something is wrong with our deeply entrenched intellectual standards of (i) using our own critical thinking without any restriction and (ii) respecting the judgment of every rational agent as epistemically relevant. This chapter argues that these two Enlightenment principles—the Principle of Unrestricted Critical Thinking and the Principle of Democratic Reason—not only conflict with what is rationally required from a purely epistemic point of view, but also further the spread of conspiracy theories and undermine trust in experts. As a result, we should typically defer to experts without using any of our own reasons regarding the subject matter

scholarly journals Introduction to the Issue

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Music ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

The history of music in nineteenth-century America, and the place of music within American culture of the period, is an area of scholarly inquiry that recently has received increased attention. It is also, as the varied articles collected in this issue illustrate, a complex topic and an area ripe for much additional research. The four articles deal with different aspects of nineteenth-century American music history and culture; in each, however, there are also areas of overlap and intersection. All four authors use as a starting point issues that have already been the subject of some scholarly attention, and examine these topics either more thoroughly or from a new theoretical or contextual point of view. The resulting aggregate should help readers to understand better a complicated and under-explored world, for all four articles highlight the complexity of musical life in America and explore some of the many ways that cultural life in the United States reflected and resonated with that of Europe. All four authors, furthermore, either hint at or explicitly mention areas that are ripe for further research.

XV. Contributions to the chemical history of Archil and of Litmus

1840 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 273-324 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Abstract Theory ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
The Subject

Among the numerous and complex questions as to the constitution of organic substances, which have latterly attracted the attention of chemists, there is scarcely one possessed of more interest to the manufacturer, as well as to the philosopher, and the elucidation of which might better be expected to lead to improved processes in the arts, or to throw more light on difficult points of abstract theory, than the study of the nature and mode of origin of those remarkable colouring materials which form the basis of the archil and litmus of commerce, and which are obtained from lichens of various genera and species, themselves totally devoid of colour. Although the problem of the origin and nature of these bodies has never been con­templated by chemists in the general point of view, by which alone consequent and satisfactory results could have been arrived at, yet from a very early period in organic chemistry, attention had been directed to isolated portions of it, particularly with regard to litmus, which from its general use as a reagent excited curiosity, and became the subject of frequent, though incomplete examination. Indeed, the nature of litmus appears to have been to many chemists peculiarly obscure, as not withstanding the researches of Fourcroy and Vauquelin, of Tennant, Chevreul, Peretti, Desfosses, and many others, Berzelius declared in the last year that the chemistry of litmus remained yet to be created. Regarding archil, still less knowledge has been obtained. I am not aware of any writer who has occupied himself directly with its examination; and, indeed, it is only incidentally that Heeren mentions, in his admirable memoir of the lichen products, any facts belonging to the substance found in commerce.

scholarly journals O PAPEL DO MUNICÍPIO NA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL I

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
Adrinelly Lemes Nogueira ◽  
Lúcia Helena Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Effective School ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ongoing Formation

This article proposes to discuss the role of the municipality in the ongoing formation of teachers in service under the bias of the teachers who work in public schools in the Triângulo Mineiro. In order to deepen the studies on the subject we use authors such as Shiroma, Libâneo, Freire, among others. From the theoretical-methodological point of view, we base ourselves on Minayo when affirming that, by making a reflection on thedialogue between hermeneutics (understanding) and dialectic (critical), the principles for the operationalization of the method of interpretation of meanings are brought. A field survey was carried out in six schools through a semistructured interview with 30 teachers. In general, based on the analysis of the many voices heard, we understand that innumerable proposals for continuing education have been implemented overthe years in the said municipality and, announced as eradicators of teachers' difficulties, as a solution to their problems, speech innocuous. We observe that the role of the municipality in promoting the continuing education of teachers is subject to national public policies and that there is no continuity, above all, it is at the mercy of larger interests, economic and political at the expense of effective school needs. In this way, a proposal for a truly continuing education will only be legitimate and meaningful when professionally enriching teachers; in this way, it will be a process built in the school routine, within the profession itself.

scholarly journals The personality of Marshal Davout in the Russian Campaign of 1812 on the basis of his memoires and documents of personal nature: an analysis of the electronic resources on the topic

2021 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Francesco Rubini
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Electronic Resources ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
Personal Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First French Empire ◽  
The Many

Louis Nicolas Davout is still one of the most famous and admired marshals of the First French Empire. His qualities as a great commander and brilliant tactician have been the subject of many historiographical works amongst researchers from all over the world. The aim of this work is to examine the personality of Davout according to electronic documents of personal nature and the historiography about the Russian Campaign of 1812. Specific attention deserve several online documents of Russian works analyzed in the article, which have never been translated from Russian, and whose point of view revealed very interesting information, both concordant and discordant, to cross with that of many European analogues. Historical research requires further translation and analysis of the many and still unknown Russian sources on the topic.

scholarly journals The Rate of Fermentation of Ciders and Perries

1908 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. P. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Customary Manner ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Main Factor

The results of the work may be briefly summarised as follows:(a) The rate of fermentation of ciders and perries made from different varieties of vintage fruit varies considerably.(b) There is probably a relation between the rate of fermentation and the variety of fruit from which the cider or perry is made. Certain varieties, for instance, as a rule yield juices which ferment slowly, while others give juices which generally ferment at a rapid rate.(c) The main factor in determining the rate of fermentation appears to be the nitrogenous matter present in the juice, which is assimilable by the yeast. The quantity of such substances present is generally insufficient for satisfactory nutrition of the yeast, and consequently the rate of fermentation is normally slower than would be the case if sufficient nitrogenous food were present to meet the full requirements of the yeast. The relative rates of fermentation of ciders and perries fermented under similar conditions are probably an index of the relative amounts of assimilable nitrogenous matter present.(d) The state of ripeness of the fruit at the time of milling affects the rate of fermentation of the juice. During the course of ripening the rate becomes slower until a certain point is reached, which probably represents the period of perfect maturity of the fruit. Afterwards the rate increases in proportion as ripeness proceeds to decay. The degree of exposure of the fruit to direct sunlight also affects the rate of fermentation, the more exposed the fruit the slower the rate. In each case the result appears to be due to the quantity of assimilable nitrogenous matter in the juice being influenced.(e) Direct influence on the rate of fermentation of the juice by any of the chemical constituents other than the nitrogenous substances has not been observed. If any have an influence, it is masked by other factors of greater importance. An indirect influence on the rate by the mucilaginous elements is occasionally met with, due to the formation of a clot which mechanically impedes the action of the organisms of fermentation.(f) The rate of fermentation in practical cider-making does not appear to be materially affected by the fermentative powers of the kinds of yeast present in the juice. Normally there are present varieties which are capable of maintaining the fermentation at practically the maximum rate allowed by the nitrogenous constitution of the juice. “Dominant” fermentation with selected yeasts of high or low fermentative powers had comparatively little effect upon the rate.(g) The aeration of the juice has a marked effect upon the rate of fermentation, the admission of air to the juice producing a decided increase in the rate.(h) The temperature at which the fermentations are conducted affects the rate in the customary manner.It is clear, therefore, that apart from the use of purely practical methods, e.g. filtration,—which it is not intended to consider here— a certain measure of control over the rate of fermentation of ciders and perries can be exercised by the cider maker, and that therefore the production of sweet and dry types of these beverages need not be more or less haphazard, as is commonly the case. By careful selection of the varieties of fruit used and by suitable blending of various types, combined with attention to the condition of ripeness of the fruit at the time of making, it should be possible to obtain a juice possessing the desired rate of fermentation, although some allowance for seasonal influences is necessary. These have not been considered above, as the work has not been extended over a sufficiently long period to allow of definite conclusions being drawn. At the same time it is fairly established that in some seasons the average rate of fermentation is much faster than in others. It would appear from the results as to the effect of direct sunlight as though the amount of sunshine during the period of ripening of the fruit upon the trees played an important part in seasonal influence. During the course of fermentation of the liquors the rate may be controlled to some extent by aeration and temperature.Although the subject has been considered almost entirely from the point of view of the rate of fermentation, it should be mentioned that not only the rate but also the degree to which fermentation proceeds is involved. Although perhaps not invariably the case, as a rule fermentation can proceed to a further point in rapidly than in slowly fermenting juices. Accordingly no distinction has been made between them. In some cases the latter feature would more correctly express the facts than the former.In conclusion I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Mr James Watts for his kindness in placing his factory at my disposal for experiments with selected yeasts; to the many cider makers and others, who have rendered considerable assistance in the direction of obtaining different varieties of vintage fruit required for the work; and to the various members of the staff of the Institute, who have carried out the practical work in the cider house.

II.—Some Aspects of the Craft of the Armourer

Archaeologia ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Charles Ffoulkes
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

There are certain details connected with the craft of the armourer, or rather with his productions, which hitherto have not received the attention which they undoubtedly deserve; for they bear very definitely on the whole subject of military equipment and as such require careful consideration if we are to use sculptured or pictorial contemporary records as illustrations of military operations. Writers on arms and armour have, with few if any exceptions, dealt solely with design and form, and have seldom noticed the reasons why certain types of equipment were introduced; nor have they drawn attention to the many obvious drawbacks or advantages of constructional details which force themselves upon one's notice if the subject is studied from the point of view of the man who wore the armour and had to fight in it.

Orthopedic Surgery in Infancy and Childhood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-520
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BONFIGLIO
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The need for a text encompassing the field of orthopedic surgery in infancy and childhood has been met by the author and his colleagues. The subject matter has, for the most part, been arranged according to regions so that one may make easy reference to the many conditions affecting an area. Unfortunately this regional approach detracts from the complete exposition of a single disease process, such as osteomyelitis. The interpretation of each syndrome and its management primarily reflects the writer's experience and point of view with minimal reference to other possible methods of treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document