Genotypes of JC virus in East, Central and Southwest Europe

Distinctive genotypes of JC virus have been described for the major continental landmasses. Studies on European-Americans and small cohorts in Europe showed predominantly Type 1. Types 2 and 7 are found in Asia, and Types 3 and 6 in Africa. These genotypes differ in sequence by about 1–3%. Each genotype may have several subtypes which differ from each other by about 0·5–1%. The genotypes can be defined by a distinctive pattern of nucleotides in a typing region of the VP1 gene. This genotyping approach has been confirmed by phylogenetic reconstruction using the entire genome exclusive of the rearranging regulatory region. In this first large European study, we report on the urinary excretion of JCV DNA of 350 individuals from Poland, Hungary, Germany and Spain. We included Gypsy cohorts in Hungary (Roma), Germany (Sinti), and Spain (Gitano), as well as Basques in Spain. We show that while Type 1 predominates in Europe, the proportions of Type 1A and 1B may differ from East to Southwest Europe. Type 4, closely related to the Type 1 sequence (only ∼1% difference) was a minor genotype in Germany, Poland and Spain, but represented the majority in Basques. The Gitanos in Spain showed a variant Type 4 sequence termed ‘Rom-1’. Interestingly, neither the Gitanos in Spain, nor Sinti or Roma in Germany or Hungary showed the Type 2 or Type 7 genotype that might be expected if their origins were in an Asian population.

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Increased frequency of JC virus type 2 and of dual infection with JC virus type 1 and 2 in Italian progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients

Journal of NeuroVirology ◽

10.1080/135502801300069638 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Pasquale Ferrante, Monica Mediati,

Keyword(s):

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽

Virus Type ◽

Jc Virus ◽

Dual Infection

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Analysis of the human CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 promoter region: two separate regulatory elements

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v85.11.3199.bloodjournal85113199 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 85 (11) ◽

pp. 3199-3207 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

F Ishimaru ◽

MA Shipp

Keyword(s):

Binding Sites ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Regulatory Region ◽

Neutral Endopeptidase ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

Control Element ◽

Regulatory Regions ◽

Endopeptidase 24.11

The cell surface zinc metalloproteinase CD10/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) is expressed on normal and malignant lymphoid progenitors, granulocytes, and a variety of epithelial cells. To further define the tissue-specific and developmentally related expression of CD10/NEP, we have characterized two separate regulatory regions that control the transcription of 5′ alternatively spliced CD10/NEP transcripts. These type 1 and 2 CD10/NEP regulatory regions are both characterized by the presence of multiple transcription initiation sites and the absence of classic TATA boxes and consensus initiator elements. The purine-rich type 1 regulatory region, which includes 5′ UTR exon 1 sequence, is characterized by multiple putative PU.1 binding sites and consensus ets-binding motifs. In marked contrast, the GC-rich type 2 regulatory region contains multiple putative Sp1 binding sites, a potential consensus retinoblastoma control element (RCE), and an inverted CCAAT box. In the majority of tissues examined to date, type 2 CD10/NEP transcripts were more abundant; the abundance of type 1 transcripts was more variable, with the highest type 1 levels in fetal thymus and certain lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines.

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Sortase-Catalyzed Assembly of Distinct Heteromeric Fimbriae in Actinomyces naeslundii

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.01952-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 189 (8) ◽

pp. 3156-3165 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Arunima Mishra ◽

Asis Das ◽

John O. Cisar ◽

Hung Ton-That

Keyword(s):

Gene Cluster ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Actinomyces Naeslundii ◽

Molecular Investigation ◽

A Minor ◽

Assembly Pathways

ABSTRACT Two types of adhesive fimbriae are expressed by Actinomyces; however, the architecture and the mechanism of assembly of these structures remain poorly understood. In this study we characterized two fimbrial gene clusters present in the genome of Actinomyces naeslundii strain MG-1. By using immunoelectron microscopy and biochemical analysis, we showed that the fimQ-fimP-srtC1-fimR gene cluster encodes a fimbrial structure (designated type 1) that contains a major subunit, FimP, forming the shaft and a minor subunit, FimQ, located primarily at the tip. Similarly, the fimB-fimA-srtC2 gene cluster encodes a distinct fimbrial structure (designated type 2) composed of a shaft protein, FimA, and a tip protein, FimB. By using allelic exchange, we constructed an in-frame deletion mutant that lacks the SrtC2 sortase. This mutant produces abundant type 1 fimbriae and expresses the monomeric FimA and FimB proteins, but it does not assemble type 2 fimbriae. Thus, SrtC2 is a fimbria-specific sortase that is essential for assembly of the type 2 fimbriae. Together, our experiments pave the way for several lines of molecular investigation that are necessary to elucidate the fimbrial assembly pathways in Actinomyces and their function in the pathogenesis of different biofilm-related oral diseases.

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JC virus excreted by multiple sclerosis patients and paired controls from Hungary

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245859800400201 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 45-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gerald L. Stoner ◽

Hansjürgen T. Agostini ◽

Caroline F. Ryschkewitsch ◽

Samuel Komoly

Keyword(s):

Demyelinating Disease ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Jc Virus ◽

Human Polyomavirus ◽

European Origin ◽

The Usa ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽

Type 3

JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus, is the agent of the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV exists in four main genotypes in the USA. Type 1, including subtypes Type 1A and Type 1B, makes up about 64% of strains in the USA and is thought to be of European origin. Type 2 is found in Asia, and Type 3 in Africa. A fourth type is found only in the USA. In general, these genotypes differ in 1-2.5% of their DNA sequence. Thirty MS patients and 30 paired controls from Budapest were studied. The clinical course of MS was mainly secondary progressive, and patients were stable at the time of testing. Most of the controls were relatives of the probands: a spouse, parent, or child. Overall, 25 of 60 (42%) of the urines tested positive for JCV by PCR. These included 13 of 30 MS patients, and 12 of 30 controls. Genotyping in the VP1 gene showed all 25 JCV strains to be Type 1. Among the MS patients, seven were Type 1A and six were Type 1B. Among the controls, nine were Type 1A and three were Type 1B. In five pairs of MS patients and controls, both were positive for JCV by PCR. Two of these were husband/wife pairs of which one pair was matched for subtype (both Type 1A), and the other was not. Two of them were mother/daughter pairs, and both were matched for subtype (both Type 1B). These findings demonstrate that JCV Type 1 predominates among Hungarians, and suggest that parent/child pairs can be used to trace JCV transmission within the MS family.

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Investigation of transmigrated mandibular canines

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.24.6.065-068.oar ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Muhammad Azeem ◽

Ambreen Afzal ◽

Zubair Ahmed ◽

Munawar Manzoor Ali ◽

Arfan Ul Haq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Asian ◽

Asian Population ◽

Early Age ◽

South Asian Population ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Mandibular Canine

ABSTRACT Introduction: Canine transmigration is a rare orthodontic condition and it is relevant to perform the proper diagnose at an early age. Objective: The aim of the current study was to find out the frequency of transmigrated mandibular canines (TRC) in orthodontic patients obtained from South Asian population of Pakistan origin. Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 2,550 untreated orthodontic patients (1,248 males; 1,302 females) were included, to investigate the presence, site, and type of TRC. Any permanent mandibular canine that was found to be crossing the midline in panoramic radiographs was considered as TRC. Results: The frequency of TRC was found to be 0.98%. TRC were only found unilaterally. No significance regarding gender and side was found. Nineteen TRC displayed a type 1 transmigratory pattern, while type 2 and type 5 transmigratory patterns were encountered in three patients. Conclusion: Frequency of transmigrated mandibular canines in the studied sample was 0.98%.

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Emerging Treatment Strategies for Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications: An Update

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13101568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1568

Author(s):

Vijay Mishra ◽

Pallavi Nayak ◽

Mayank Sharma ◽

Aqel Albutti ◽

Ameen S. S. Alwashmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

High Blood Glucose ◽

The Status ◽

Minor Disease ◽

A Minor ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

The occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate worldwide. The status of diabetes has changed over the last three generations; whereas before it was deemed a minor disease of older people but currently it is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and young people. High blood glucose-mediated functional loss, insulin sensitivity, and insulin deficiency lead to chronic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Traditional treatments of DM, such as insulin sensitization and insulin secretion cause undesirable side effects, leading to patient incompliance and lack of treatment. Nanotechnology in diabetes studies has encouraged the development of new modalities for measuring glucose and supplying insulin that hold the potential to improve the quality of life of diabetics. Other therapies, such as β-cells regeneration and gene therapy, in addition to insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, are currently used to control diabetes. The present review highlights the nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems and emerging treatment strategies of DM.

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