scholarly journals Use of probiotic bacteria to selectively modulate Candida albicans virulence in biofilms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cummins ◽  
Megan Hughes ◽  
Julian Marchesi ◽  
Daniel Morse
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen present in the oral cavities of up to two-thirds of people. Despite typically existing as a commensal microorganism, it has pathogenic potential, particularly in older, immunocompromised individuals. A common Candida-associated infection is denture-associated stomatitis (DS), which presents clinically as areas of erythema on the palatal mucosa, and discomfort for the denture-wearer. In vitro, previous work has shown that the expression of C. albicans virulence factors varies according to its interactions with other oral microorganisms. Mature single- and mixed-species biofilms (with Candida and several strains of common oral bacteria) were grown on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) coupons, representing dentures. Additionally, to some coupons, individual probiotic strains were added. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and putative virulence gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR relative to ACT1, a housekeeping gene. Biofilm-infection assays of FADU and TR146 epithelial cell lines were also performed by pre-culturing cells, then adding single- or mixed-species inocula overnight. Quantification of cell damage determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Biofilm co-culture with the addition of certain probiotic strains downregulated C. albicans virulence genes in both short-term and long-term mixed-species biofilms. With an increasing aged population that is heavily reliant on the use of antibiotics that can negatively affect the microbiota of patients, there is a requirement to look at the benefits of prophylactics, from both an economic and patient well-being viewpoint. The results show the realistic possibility of using probiotics to prevent or restrict development of Candida-associated oral diseases.

In vitro secreted aspartyl proteinase activity of Candida albicans isolated from oral diseases and healthy oral cavities

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kuriyama ◽  
D. W. Williams ◽  
M. A. O. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Proteinase Activity ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase

Effects of culture conditions on the in vitro infection of fibroblasts by Candida albicans

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Primary Fibroblast ◽  
Culture Age

The effects of yeast culture age, carbon source, growth temperature, and germ-tube inducers on adherence to primary fibroblast cultures was studied in conjunction with the determination of adherence-mediated mammalian cell damage by measuring chromium-51 release from fibroblast monolayers. The results indicated that yeast culture age affected adherence only when the yeasts were grown at 37 °C, not after growth at 28 °C. At 37 °C, quantitatively fewer exponential-phase, glucose- or galactose-grown yeasts adhered to fibroblasts than did yeasts that were in lag or stationary phases. The reduced adherence correlated with less chromium-51 release and reduced germ-tube formation. The addition of germ-tube inducers, such as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or serum, to exponential-phase yeasts caused an increase in germ-tube formation with a concomitant increase in yeast adherence and release of chromium-51 from the monolayers. Exponential-phase galactose-grown yeasts were more responsive to serum-induced germ-tube formation, germ-tube elongation, and fibroblast adherence than were exponential-phase glucose-grown yeasts. In addition, exponential-phase galactose-grown yeasts caused more chromium-51 release from monolayers in the presence of serum than did glucose-grown yeasts. Overall, conditions that enhanced germ-tube formation and elongation resulted in greatest adherence-mediated damage to the monolayers. Key words: Candida albicans, fibroblasts, morphogenesis.

scholarly journals Relationship between Candida albicans Virulence during Experimental Hematogenously Disseminated Infection and Endothelial Cell Damage In Vitro

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 598-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Sanchez ◽  
Douglas A. Johnston ◽  
Carter Myers ◽  
John E. Edwards ◽  
Aaron P. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Endothelial Cell Damage ◽  
Disseminated Infection ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Cell Lining ◽  
Wild Type Parent

ABSTRACT Candida albicans must penetrate the endothelial cell lining of the vasculature to invade the deep tissues during a hematogenously disseminated infection. We compared 27 C. albicans mutants with their wild-type parent for their capacity to damage endothelial cells in vitro and cause a lethal infection in mice following tail vein inoculation. Of 10 mutants with significantly impaired capacity to damage endothelial cells, all had attenuated virulence. Therefore, the endothelial cell damage assay can be used as a screen to identify some virulence factors relevant to hematogenously disseminated candidiasis.

Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation by Probiotics in vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Schwendicke ◽  
Franziska Korte ◽  
Christof E. Dörfer ◽  
Susanne Kneist ◽  
Karim Fawzy El-Sayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Displacement Mode ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
Mineral Loss

To exert anticaries effects, probiotics are described to inhibit growth and biofilm formation of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (SM). We screened 8 probiotics and assessed how SM growth or biofilm formation inhibition affects cariogenicity of probiotic-SM mixed-species biofilms in vitro. Growth inhibition was assessed by cocultivating probiotics and 2 SM strains (ATCC 20532/25175) on agar. Probiotics were either precultured before SM cultivation (exclusion), or SM precultured prior to probiotic cultivation (displacement). Inhibition of SM culture growth was assessed visually. Inhibition of SM biofilm formation on bovine enamel was assessed using a continuous-flow short-term biofilm model, again in exclusion or displacement mode. The cariogenicity of mixed-species biofilms of SM with the most promising growth and biofilm formation inhibiting probiotic strains was assessed using an artificial mouth model, and enamel mineral loss (ΔZ) was measured microradiographically. We found limited differences in SM growth inhibition in exclusion versus displacement mode, and in inhibition of SM 20532 versus 25175. Results were therefore pooled. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 inhibited significantly more SM culture growth than most other probiotics. L. casei LC-11 inhibited SM biofilm formation similarly to other alternatives but showed the highest retention of probiotics in the biofilms (p < 0.05). Mineral loss from SM monospecies biofilms (ΔZ = 9,772, 25th/75th percentiles: 6,277/13,558 vol% × µm) was significantly lower than from mixed-species SM × LA-5 biofilms (ΔZ = 24,578, 25th/75th percentiles: 19,081/28,768 vol% × µm; p < 0.01) but significantly higher than from SM × LC-11 biofilms (ΔZ = 4,835, 25th/75th percentiles: 263/7,865 vol% × µm; p < 0.05). Probiotics inhibiting SM culture growth do not necessarily reduce the cariogenicity of SM-probiotic biofilms. Nevertheless, SM biofilm formation inhibition may be relevant in the reduction of cariogenicity.

scholarly journals Anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity of NC-E08. In vitro and in vivo study using Galleria mellonella infection model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Fernanda Bombarda ◽  
Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi ◽  
Pedro L. Rosalen ◽  
Josy G. Lazarini ◽  
Eder R. Paganini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Structural Analogues

Biofilms are organized microbial communities formed from an ecological succession. Biofilm formation functions as a mechanism of virulence and favors the development of diseases, including oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease, in which the microorganisms Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are closely related. Previous studies have shown that interactions between S. mutans and C. albicans are associated with the pathogenesis of early childhood caries (ECC). Therefore, there is a great interest in finding new prototypes for antimicrobial drugs, mainly for the development of structural analogues of chalcones, which constitute one of the largest classes of natural products belonging to the flavonoid family and are considered strategic molecules for this purpose.

ANTIOXIDANTS IN ORAL DISEASES: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
N. Harika ◽  
K. Sridevi ◽  
B. Krishnaveni ◽  
N. Prasanth Kumar ◽  
G. Mounika
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Health And Well Being

Antioxidants are compounds that destroy the free radicals in the body, thereby preventing harmful oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radicals are chemical species possessing an unpaired electron that can be considered fragments of molecules and generally very reactive. They are produced continuously in cells either as accidental by-products of metabolism or deliberately during, phagocytosis. However, excess free radical production originating from endogenous or exogenous sources might play a role in many diseases. Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are crucial for maintaining optimum health and well-being. Free radicals have been implicated in numerous oral diseases like leukoplakia, Periodontal diseases, and oral cancer.

scholarly journals The pH of the Host Niche Controls Gene Expression in and Virulence of Candida albicans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3317-3325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia De Bernardis ◽  
Fritz A. Mühlschlegel ◽  
Antonio Cassone ◽  
William A. Fonzi
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Vaginal Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Hyphal Development ◽  
Virulence Phenotype

ABSTRACT Little is known of the biological attributes conferring pathogenicity on the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Infection by this pathogen, as for bacterial pathogens, may rely upon environmental signals within the host niche to regulate the expression of virulence determinants. To determine if C. albicans responds to the pH of the host niche, we tested the virulence of strains with mutations in either of two pH-regulated genes, PHR1 and PHR2. In vitro,PHR1 is expressed when the ambient pH is at 5.5 or higher and deletion of the gene results in growth and morphological defects at neutral to alkaline pHs. Conversely, PHR2 is expressed at an ambient pH below 5.5, and the growth and morphology of the null mutant is compromised below this pH. A PHR1 null mutant was avirulent in a mouse model of systemic infection but uncompromised in its ability to cause vaginal infection in rats. Since systemic pH is near neutrality and vaginal pH is around 4.5, the virulence phenotype paralleled the pH dependence of the in vitro phenotypes. The virulence phenotype of a PHR2 null mutant was the inverse. The mutant was virulent in a systemic-infection model but avirulent in a vaginal-infection model. Heterozygous mutants exhibited partial reductions in their pathogenic potential, suggesting a gene dosage effect. Unexpectedly, deletion of PHR2 did not prevent hyphal development in vaginal tissue, suggesting that it is not essential for hyphal development in this host niche. The results suggest that the pH of the infection site regulates the expression of genes essential to survival within that niche. This implies that the study of environmentally regulated genes may provide a rationale for understanding the pathobiology of C. albicans.

scholarly journals Selected Lactobacillus strains isolated from sugary and milk kefir reduce Salmonella infection of epithelial cells in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zavala ◽  
M.A. Golowczyc ◽  
K. van Hoorde ◽  
M. Medrano ◽  
G. Huys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
High Adhesion ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Cytoskeleton Disruption ◽  
Lactobacillus Kefiri

The isolation of potentially probiotic strains and the subsequent study of their properties are very important steps to gain insight in the health benefits ascribed to sugary and milk kefir. The aim of the present study was to characterise fifteen Lactobacillus strains isolated from these beverages by determining some surface properties and their ability to antagonise enterocyte cell damage after Salmonella infection in vitro. Lactobacillus surface properties were determined by hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and coaggregation assays with Salmonella. In addition, lactobacilli adhesion to Caco-2/TC-7 cells and the effect on Salmonella invasion were evaluated. Finally, the disassembly of F-actin cytoskeleton on intestinal epithelial cells was assayed in vitro when Salmonella infection was performed in the presence of selected Lactobacillus strains. Ten out of the 15 strains showed a high adhesion capacity to Caco-2/TC-7 cells. Most of the strains were hydrophilic and non-autoaggregating. Strains isolated from sugary kefir were non-coaggregating with Salmonella, while strains Lactobacillus paracasei CIDCA 83120, 83121, 83123, 83124, 8339, 83102 isolated from milk kefir were able to coaggregate after 1 h. L. paracasei CIDCA 8339 and Lactobacillus kefiri CIDCA 83102 were able to diminish Salmonella invasion to the enterocytes. An antagonistic effect on cytoskeleton disruption elicited by the pathogen was also demonstrated. Our results suggest that both strains isolated from milk kefir could be considered as appropriate probiotic candidates.

scholarly journals Modulation of Candida albicans virulence in in vitro biofilms by oral bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Morse ◽  
M.J. Wilson ◽  
X. Wei ◽  
D.J. Bradshaw ◽  
M.A.O. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Oral Bacteria

Phytosphingosine Prevents the Formation of Young Salivary Biofilms in vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris J. Bikker ◽  
Michel A. Hoogenkamp ◽  
Amine Malhaoui ◽  
Kamran Nazmi ◽  
Jessica Neilands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Care ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Adherence ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Cover Glass ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Coated Surfaces ◽  
Static Conditions

Dental biofilms are formed in a multistep process that is initiated by the adhesion of oral bacteria to the dental hard surface. As dental biofilms are associated with oral diseases their control is necessary in order to maintain oral health. Recently, it was revealed that phytosphingosine (PHS)-treated hydroxyapatite discs showed anti-adhesive activity in a static in vitro biofilm model against Streptococcus mutans. The goal of the present study was to further unravel the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm properties of PHS in both static and dynamic in vitro biofilm models against a full salivary inoculum. After 3 h under static conditions, bacterial adherence on PHS-treated cover glass slides was reduced by 60% compared to the untreated surface. After 6 and 24 h under static conditions, no significant differences in bacterial adherence were observed between PHS-treated and untreated cover glass slides. However, under dynamic conditions, i.e., the presence of shear forces, virtually no bacterial adherence was observed for up to 16 h on PHS-coated surfaces. Besides, PHS showed a strong bactericidal activity on salivary biofilms. Treatment of a 3- and 6-h statically grown biofilm resulted in a 99 and 94% reduction of viable cells, respectively, which was effectuated within minutes. In principle, these anti-adherence and anti-biofilm properties make PHS a promising candidate ingredient for use in oral care products aimed at oral microbial control.

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