Bluetongue virus in South America: current status based on phylogenetic analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Legisa ◽  
Maria José Dus Santos
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
South America ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Genetic Continuity

Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-borne disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of the BT disease. BT outbreaks have been widely recorded worldwide. However, in the South American subcontinent, accurate information about the disease and molecular epidemiology is still lacking because little effort has been made to cover the region. This study comprises an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis including all BTV sequences available in databases and reports new Argentinean sequences for Seg 8 and Seg 9. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses were conducted for Seg 2, Seg 3, Seg 6, Seg 7, Seg 8, Seg 9 and Seg 10. Throughout the study, wide circulation and genetic continuity along the American continent were detected. Also, reassortment events are reported, and the historical virus introduction path into and through South America is suggested.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 4 field isolates from Argentina

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Legisa ◽  
F. Gonzalez ◽  
G. De Stefano ◽  
A. Pereda ◽  
M. J. Dus Santos
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
South American ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Virus Serotype

Bluetongue is an insect-transmitted viral disease of ruminant species, which represents a major barrier to the international trade of animals and their products. Bluetongue virus (BTV) has a genome composed of ten linear segments of dsRNA, which code for at least ten different viral proteins. In South America, serological evidence for the presence of BTV has been found in Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Chile. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries where BTV has been isolated. In Brazil, only one BTV isolate, serotype 12, has been reported, whereas in Argentina five BTV serotype 4 isolates have been obtained from cattle without clinical signs. Three of these five isolates were isolated during 1999–2001, whereas two of them were obtained as part of the present work. This study describes sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of segment (Seg)-2, Seg-3, Seg-6, Seg-7 and Seg-10 of the first Argentinian field isolates of BTV. The analysis of Seg-2 and Seg-6 resulted in a single cluster of Argentinian sequences into the serotype 4 clade. In addition, the Argentinian sequences grouped within the nucleotype A clade, along with reference strains. The analysis of Seg-3, Seg-7 and Seg-10 showed that the Argentinian isolates grouped into the western topotype, indicating that the circulating virus had an African/European origin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Argentinian sequences present a South American genetic identity, suggesting an independent lineage evolution.

scholarly journals Multiple incursion pathways for Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil show its genetic diversity spreading in a connected world

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas A. Arnemann ◽  
Stephen H. Roxburgh ◽  
Tom Walsh ◽  
Jerson V.C. Guedes ◽  
Karl H.J. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
South American Continent

AbstractThe Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was first detected in Brazil with subsequent reports from Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay. This pattern suggests that the H. armigera spread across the South American continent following incursions into northern/central Brazil, however, this hypothesis has not been tested. Here we compare northern and central Brazilian H. armigera mtDNA COI haplotypes with those from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. We infer spatial genetic and gene flow patterns of this dispersive pest in the agricultural landscape of South America. We show that the spatial distribution of H. armigera mtDNA haplotypes and its inferred gene flow patterns in the southwestern region of South America exhibited signatures inconsistent with a single incursion hypothesis. Simulations on spatial distribution patterns show that the detection of rare and/or the absence of dominant mtDNA haplotypes in southern H. armigera populations are inconsistent with genetic signatures observed in northern and central Brazil. Incursions of H. armigera into the New World are therefore likely to have involved independent events in northern/central Brazil, and southern Brazil/Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay. This study demonstrates the significant biosecurity challenges facing the South American continent, and highlights alternate pathways for introductions of alien species into the New World.

scholarly journals A second peirosaurid crocodyliform from the Mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco and the diversity of Gondwanan notosuchians outside South America

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecily S. C. Nicholl ◽  
Eloise S. E. Hunt ◽  
Driss Ouarhache ◽  
Philip D. Mannion
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
South American ◽  
Early Late

Notosuchians are an extinct clade of terrestrial crocodyliforms with a particularly rich record in the late Early to Late Cretaceous (approx. 130–66 Ma) of Gondwana. Although much of this diversity comes from South America, Africa and Indo-Madagascar have also yielded numerous notosuchian remains. Three notosuchian species are currently recognized from the early Late Cretaceous (approx. 100 Ma) Kem Kem Group of Morocco, including the peirosaurid Hamadasuchus rebouli . Here, we describe two new specimens that demonstrate the presence of at least a fourth notosuchian species in this fauna. Antaeusuchus taouzensis n. gen. n. sp. is incorporated into one of the largest notosuchian-focused character-taxon matrices yet to be compiled, comprising 443 characters scored for 63 notosuchian species, with an increased sampling of African and peirosaurid species. Parsimony analyses run under equal and extended implied weighting consistently recover Antaeusuchus as a peirosaurid notosuchian, supported by the presence of two distinct waves on the dorsal dentary surface, a surangular which laterally overlaps the dentary above the mandibular fenestra, and a relatively broad mandibular symphysis. Within Peirosauridae, Antaeusuchus is recovered as the sister taxon of Hamadasuchus . However, it differs from Hamadasuchus with respect to several features, including the ornamentation of the lateral surface of the mandible, the angle of divergence of the mandibular rami, the texture of tooth enamel and the shape of the teeth, supporting their generic distinction. We present a critical reappraisal of the non-South American Gondwanan notosuchian record, which spans the Middle Jurassic–late Eocene. This review, as well as our phylogenetic analyses, indicate the existence of at least three approximately contemporaneous peirosaurid lineages within the Kem Kem Group, alongside other notosuchians, and support the peirosaurid affinities of the ‘trematochampsid’ Miadanasuchus oblita from the Maastrichtian of Madagascar. Furthermore, the Cretaceous record demonstrates the presence of multiple lineages of approximately contemporaneous notosuchians in several African and Madagascan faunas, and supports previous suggestions regarding an undocumented pre-Aptian radiation of Notosuchia. By contrast, the post-Cretaceous record is depauperate, comprising rare occurrences of sebecosuchians in north Africa prior to their extirpation.

scholarly journals Multiple incursion pathways for Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil show its genetic diversity spreading in a connected world

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Andre Arnemann ◽  
Stephen Roxburgh ◽  
Tom Walsh ◽  
Jerson Guedes ◽  
Karl Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
South American Continent

AbstractThe Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was first detected in Brazil with subsequent reports from Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay. This pattern suggests that the H. armigera spread across the South American continent following incursions into northern/central Brazil, however, this hypothesis has not been tested. Here we compare northern and central Brazilian H. armigera mtDNA COI haplotypes with those from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. We infer spatial genetic and gene flow patterns of this dispersive pest in the agricultural landscape of South America. We show that the spatial distribution of H. armigera mtDNA haplotypes and its inferred gene flow patterns in the southwestern region of South America exhibited signatures inconsistent with a single incursion hypothesis. Simulations on spatial distribution patterns show that the detection of rare and/or the absence of dominant mtDNA haplotypes in southern H. armigera populations are inconsistent with genetic signatures observed in northern and central Brazil. Incursions of H. armigera into the New World are therefore likely to have involved independent events in northern/central Brazil, and southern Brazil/Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay. This study demonstrates the significant biosecurity challenges facing the South American continent, and highlights alternate pathways for introductions of alien species into the New World.

scholarly journals A phylogenetic analysis and new delimitation of Crepidiastrum (Asteraceae, tribe Cichorieae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-lan Peng ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xin-fen Gao ◽  
Lin-jing Tong ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Likelihood Inference ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Regions

The systematic position of Paraixeris humifusa (Asteraceae) is hard to define, because the circumscription of Paraixeris, Youngia and Crepidiastrum, three closely related genera in subtribe Crepidinae (Cichorieae), is not clear. This paper reports on the relationships between 30 species in subtribe Crepidinae, based on an analysis of nucleotides from one nuclear (ITS) and three chloroplast DNA regions ( trnL-F, rps16 and atpB-rbcL). The phylogenetic analyses used maximum parsimony with maximum likelihood inference. The monophyly of Crepidiastrum in the most recent generic classification of Shih & Kilian (2011) is explored. The results show that 12 species in Crepidiastrum constitute a monophyletic group, and that Paraixeris humifusa should be treated as Youngia humifusa.

Darwin's Early Notes on Coral Reef Formation

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
South America ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
South American Continent ◽  
Reef Formation ◽  
Water Coral

Darwin's letters and some rough notes found in his field notebooks of 1835 confirm the statement in his Autobiography that he had formulated his theory of coral reef formation before the Beagle left South America and before he had seen a coral reef. His geological observations having convinced him of the elevation of the South American continent, Darwin predicted that evidence of a compensatory gradual subsidence of the Pacific Ocean floor would be found in the existence of shallow-water coral genera in the Pacific reef formations. The first draft of the theory was written on board the Beagle shortly after seeing the reefs of Moorea in November 1835. After visiting the Cocos (Keeling) Islands he wrote a summary of his view in a letter of April 1838, in which he expressed his conviction that he had found an explanation which would "put some of the facts in a more simple and connected point of view, than that in which they have hitherto been considered".

Phylogenetic analysis of the South American sharpshooter genus Scopogonalia Young, 1977 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), with implications for conservation

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4885 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
AFONSO H. LEAL ◽  
ANTONIO J. CREÃO-DUARTE ◽  
GABRIEL MEJDALANI
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
South American ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
The One

Scopogonalia is a leafhopper genus with 17 described species, all of them from South America. In this work, a phylogenetic analysis of the genus was conducted based on 59 morphological and colour pattern characters of head, thorax, abdomen, male and female genitalia. Analyses with equal weights resulted in 12 equally most parsimonious trees (length = 137) including a monophyletic Scopogonalia in all of them. An implied weights (k = 15) analysis recovered two trees, one of them equal to the one obtained with a single round successive weighting procedure, which was chosen for discussion. The trees support the existence of three main clades, which are here called Early Green Clade, Late Green Clade, and Yellow-Brown Clade. The origin and diversification of each clade is discussed under available biogeographical knowledge of South America. Little variation was observed in the female genitalia, but their characters were useful to reinforce the monophyly of the Yellow-Brown Clade, which we associate to ecological adaptations. This clade supports a past connection of the Cerrado biome and savannah enclaves in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. This conclusion highlights the necessity of conserving this open vegetation environment inside the most fragmented portion of the Atlantic Forest, in northeastern Brazil. 

Palicella lueckingii (Lecanorales, Ascomycota), a new lichen species inhabiting Araucaria from the extratropical South America

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAMELA RODRIGUEZ-FLAKUS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
South America ◽  
Gene Locus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Araucaria Araucana

Palicella lueckingii is a newly described corticolous lecideoid lichen from the Malalcahuelo National Reserve growing on the bark of Araucaria araucana in Chile. Detailed morphological studies and inference from molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of single gene locus (ITS), clearly indicate that the new species is a member of the recently introduced genus Palicella. Palicella lueckingii is most closely related to P. glaucopa, but clearly differs in having smaller ascospores, comparatively thicker thallus, epruinose apothecia, lack of oil droplets inside of exciple and presence of thiophanic acid as a major metabolite.

scholarly journals The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1792) ◽  
pp. 20140811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Apesteguía ◽  
Raúl O. Gómez ◽  
Guillermo W. Rougier
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Northern Patagonia ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
New Form

Rhynchocephalian lepidosaurs, though once widespread worldwide, are represented today only by the tuatara ( Sphenodon ) of New Zealand. After their apparent early Cretaceous extinction in Laurasia, they survived in southern continents. In South America, they are represented by different lineages of Late Cretaceous eupropalinal forms until their disappearance by the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary. We describe here the only unambiguous Palaeogene rhynchocephalian from South America; this new taxon is a younger species of the otherwise Late Cretaceous genus Kawasphenodon . Phylogenetic analysis confirms the allocation of the genus to the clade Opisthodontia. The new form from the Palaeogene of Central Patagonia is much smaller than Kawasphenodon expectatus from the Late Cretaceous of Northern Patagonia. The new species shows that at least one group of rhynchocephalians not related to the extant Sphenodon survived in South America beyond the K/Pg extinction event. Furthermore, it adds to other trans-K/Pg ectotherm tetrapod taxa, suggesting that the end-Cretaceous extinction affected Patagonia more benignly than the Laurasian landmasses.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Chara (Charophyceae, Characeae) from Brazil with emphasis on the midwest and southeast regions

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO RENATO BORGES ◽  
ORLANDO NECCHI JR
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Sem Analyses

South American studies on the genus Chara are relatively scarce, most consisting of floristic surveys and using only traditional morphological characters. This study is a first approach to the systematics of the genus Chara applying modern techniques (DNA sequences and oospore SEM analyses) in addition to the alpha-taxonomy investigations that have been conducted in Brazil. Twelve populations of Chara were analyzed from the midwest and southeast regions of Brazil. Sequences of three molecular markers were applied to infer phylogenies. The ultrastructure of the oospore wall and currently used morphological characters were analyzed for Chara populations. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of sequences of rbcL, ITS2, and matK were congruent in that they grouped the species in six clades, each representing one species: Chara braunii C.C. Gmelin, C. foliolosa C.L.Willdenow, C. guairensis R.Bicudo, C. haitensis M.P.J.F. Turpin, C. hydropitys H. Reichenbach and C. rusbyana M. Howe. Morphological characters, including ultrastructure of oospore wall, provided good evidences to characterize each species. Molecular data supported the recent view that some traditional infra-generic taxa (e.g. subgenus Charopsis and subsection Willdenowia) are not supported in phylogenetic analyses, whereas some species (e.g. C. foliolosa, C. haitensis, C. hydropitys and C. rusbyana previously considered as varieties and forms of C. zeylanica) were consistently distinguished in the analyses for the three molecular markers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document